@article {577, title = {Advances in the understanding of the Platycheirus scutans (Meigen) complex in Britain, including the addition of Platycheirus aurolateralis sp. n. (Diptera: Syrphidae).}, journal = {Dipterists Dig. (2nd Ser.)}, volume = {9}, year = {2002}, pages = {75-80}, url = {http://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/DD\%202002\%20Vol\%209\%20No\%201.pdf}, author = {Stubbs, A.E} } @article {576, title = {Platycheirus splendens sp.n. from Britain formerly confused with Platycheirus scutatus (Diptera: Syrphidae).}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Gazette}, volume = {49}, year = {1998}, pages = {271-276}, author = {Rotherhay, G.E} } @article {575, title = {Sur quelques especes de Platycheirus (Diptera, Syrphidae) nouvelles ou meconnues. }, journal = {Dipterists Dig. (Ist Ser.)}, volume = {5}, year = {1990}, pages = {19-44}, abstract = {

The males and females of three new European species of Platycheirus closely related to P. clypeatus (MEIGEN, 1822), are described: P.\  europaeus n.sp., P.\  occultus n.sp. and P. ramsarensis n.sp. In addition, P. angustipes GOELDLIN DE TIEFENAU, 1974 is redescribed and lectotypes are designated for P. angustatus and P. clypeatus. Features of the physical environment characteristic of the habitat of some of these species are considered.

}, url = {http://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/df_1_5.pdf}, author = {P Goeldlin de Tiefenau and Maibach, A and Speight, MCD} } @article {574, title = {Keys to distinguish Platycheirus angustipes, P. europaeus, P. occultus and P. ramsarensis (Dipt., Syrphidae) from other clypeatus group species known in Europe}, journal = {Dipterists Dig. (Ist Ser.)}, year = {1990}, pages = {5-18}, abstract = {

The clypeatus group of species in the genus Platycheirus is defined. Separate keys are presented for distinguishing the males and females of the 12 European clypeatus group species. All available information, including distribution records, is summarised for P.anguslipes, P. europaeus, P. occultus and P. ramsarensis.

}, url = {http://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/df_1_5.pdf}, author = {Speight, MCD and P Goeldlin de Tiefenau} } @article {567, title = {The status of Melanostoma dubium (Diptera, Syrphidae).}, journal = {Dipterists Dig. (2nd Ser.)}, volume = {3}, year = {1977}, pages = {79-87}, keywords = {Diptera, hoverfly, Syrphidae}, author = {MacGowan, I and Gilbert, F.S and Rotherhay, G.E} } @article {558, title = {Additions to the list of Myriapoda from St Kilda}, journal = {Glasgow Naturalist}, volume = {25}, year = {2008}, pages = {92-93}, url = {http://www.glasgownaturalhistory.org.uk/gn25_1/hancock_stkilda.pdf}, author = {Hancock, EG and Robinson, J and Corbet, GB} } @article {466, title = {Revision of the European species of the genus Hadrodactylus F{\"o}rster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Part 1 }, journal = {Insect Systematics \& Evolution}, volume = {10}, year = {1979}, pages = {303 {\textendash} 313}, abstract = {

My revision of European Hadrndactylus F\örster is continued by a key to the 21 species known to me. Descriptions of H. spiraculator n.sp. and H. graminicola n.sp. are given. Nine species are illustrated: H. tiphae (Geoffr.), H. flavifrontator (Thunb.), H. spiraculator n.sp. H. graminicola n.sp., H. faciator (Thunb.), H. vulneratus (Zett.), H. gracilis (Steph.), H. semirufus (Hlgr.) and H. rectinervis Rn.

}, doi = {10.1163/187631279X00196}, url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631279x00196}, author = {Ida, M} } @article {459, title = {Hymenoptera}, journal = {Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.}, volume = {22}, year = {1936}, pages = {283-284}, type = {In The natural history of Barra, Outer Hebrides}, author = {Waterston, A R} } @article {458, title = {Recent research on the northern Colletes mining bee Colletes floralis Eversmann}, journal = {The Glasgow Naturalist }, volume = {25}, year = {2009}, pages = {43-49}, abstract = {

The northern Colletes mining bee is a UK Biodiversity Action\  Plan\  (UKBAP)\  priority\  species\  listed\  as Rare.
Since\  2001,\  nesting\  aggregations\  of\  this\  species\  have been monitored annually on the RSPB Reef reserve on the\  Isle\  of\  Tiree\  in\  the\  Inner\  Hebrides.\  Eight\  nest ing aggregations\  were\  found\  on\  the\  reserve\  in\  2001-2002, one was lost to natural causes in 2004 whilst three new aggregations\  were\  discovered\  in\  2005-6\  bringing\  the total\  of\  active\  aggregations\  to\  ten\  in\  2007\  and\  2008.
Seven of the nesting aggregations were associated with man-made\  features. This\  highlights\  the\  ability\  of\  the species\ \  to\ \  nest\ \  at\ \  new\ \  locations\ \  as\ \  they\ \  become suitable\  and\  suggests\  a\  possible\  management\  tool\  for enticing bees to nest in areas currently lacking suitable nest-sites.\  Management\  in\  the\  form\  of\  winter\  cattle grazing\  has\  maintained\  a\  stable\  population\  on\  the reserve.\ \ \ 
Since\  2000,\  surveys\  for\  northern\  Colleteshave\  been\  undertaken\  by\  staff\  and\  researchers\  from RSPB\ \  and\ \  Hymettus\ \  Ltd\ \  (formerly\ \  the\ \  Aculeate Conservation\  Group)\  in\  areas\  with\  historical\  records and\ \  of\ \  other\ \  potentially\ \  suitable\ \  herb-rich\ \  coastal habitat. These have revealed the continued presence of the\ \  bee\ \  at\ \  two\ \  sites\ \  in\ \  N.\ \  Ireland:\ \  Ballymaclary/Portstewart\ \ \  Strand/Umbra\ \ \  and\ \ \  White\ \ \  Park\ \ \  Bay/Bushfoot Strand, one in England: Duddon Estuary, and six\  in\  Scotland:\  Berneray\  to\  Vatersay\  in\  the\  Outer Hebrides, Tiree/ Coll, Islay, Colonsay / Oronsay, Irvine in\ \  Ayrshire\ \  and\ \  Machrihanish\ \  in\ \  Kintyre.\ \ 
Optimal habitat management for the bee is being encouraged in all these areas

}, author = {Bowler, J and Sears, J and Hunter, J} } @article {450, title = {British Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) a key to the adults of the genera occurring in Britain}, journal = {Field Studies}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, pages = {531-593}, keywords = {sawflies, Symphyta}, author = {Wright, A} } @article {443, title = {Observations on the ova and larvae of Netelia vinulae (N. cephalotes Holmgren) (lchneumonidae: Tryphoninae), a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the Puss moth caterpillar, Cerura vinula }, journal = {Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists{\textquoteright} Society.}, volume = {57}, year = {1996}, url = {http://www.amentsoc.org/publications/bulletin/articles/observations-of-netelia-vinulae.html}, author = {Hewett, E} } @article {364, title = {Some leaf-mining Diptera from North Uist, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Glasgow Naturalist}, volume = {22}, year = {1994}, pages = {385-387}, keywords = {Diptera, Leaf Mines, North Uist}, author = {Bland, KP} } @article {360, title = {Crofting and bumblebee conservation: The impact of land management practices on bumblebee populations in northwest Scotland}, journal = {Biological Conservation }, volume = {143}, year = {2010}, pages = {492-500}, abstract = {

The northwest of Scotland is a stronghold for two of the UK\’s rarest bumblebee species, Bombus distinguendus and Bombus muscorum.

The predominant form of agricultural land management in this region is crofting, a system specific to Scotland in which small agricultural units (crofts) operate rotational crop- ping and grazing regimes. Crofting is considered to be beneficial to a wide range of flora and fauna. How- ever, currently there is a lack of quantitative evidence to support this view with regard to bumblebee populations. In this study we assessed the effect of land management on the abundance of foraging bum blebees and the availability of bumblebee forage plants across crofts in northwest Scotland. The results of our study show that current crofting practices do not support high densities of foraging bumblebees. Tra ditional crofting practice was to move livestock to uplands in the summer, but this has been largely aban doned. Summer sheep grazing of lowland pasture had a strong negative impact on bumblebee abundance and forage plant availability throughout the survey period. The use of specific \‘bird and bee\’ conservation seed mixes appears to improve forage availability within the crofted landscape, although the number of bees observed remained low. Of the forage plants available, the three most frequently visited species were from the Fabaceae. We therefore conclude that the creation of agri-environment schemes which promote the use of Fabaceae-rich seed mixes and encourage the removal of sheep grazing on lowland areas throughout the summer are essential in order to conserve bumblebee populations within crofted areas.

}, keywords = {Bombus}, url = {https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=redpath-et-al-2009-biol-cons.pdf\&site=411}, author = {Redpath, N and Osgathorpe, LM and Park, K and Goulson, D} } @article {Smith1979, title = {Mollusca of rocky shores: Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, pages = {173{\textendash}187}, abstract = {

The history of previous molluscan work in the Outer Hebrides shows that most work has been done offshore, and that the littoral zone of Lewis and Harris has been neglected. Mollusc populations of different macro- and micro-habitats were examined empirically, and compared and contrasted with each other. Habitats have been chosen to exhibit as wide a variety of environment as possible, from the wave-lashed exposed rocks facing the Atlantic to the very sheltered sea lochs opening into the Minch. The richness and diversity of the fauna is noted.

}, keywords = {Harris, Invertebrates, Lewis, littoral, Loch Roag, Marine, Marine Molluscs, molluscs, Outer Hebrides}, author = {Smith, S M} } @article {Summers2011, title = {The Grey seal {\textquoteleft}problem{\textquoteright} in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {495{\textendash}503}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Marine Mammals, Seals}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012872}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0269727000012872}, author = {Summers, C. F. and Harwood, J.} } @article {Treasurer1993, title = {An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Coarse and Salmonid Fish (Excluding Salmon and Trout) found in Fresh Water in Scotland}, journal = {Freshw. Forum. J. Freshw. Biol. Assoc.}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

Non-salmonid \"coarse\" fish are widespread and abundant in Scotland (e.g. Maitland {\&} Campbell 1992) but little scientific research has been done on them, compared with the extensive work on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and populations of brown and sea trout (Salmo trutta). Nevertheless, coarse fishes interact with salmonids and there is growing concern that unwanted introductions, such as ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in Loch Lomond (see below), are threatening the native fish fauna of Scotland. Some major points about the ecological role of coarse fish in Scotland were made by J.W.T. in a brief article published in Freshwater Forum, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 20-25, (Coarse fish in Scotland: a threat or a resource?). Here we provide a more extensive annotated bibliography to a full list of species occurring in Scotland, to highlight what is known about them and to indicate potential areas for further research.

}, keywords = {Fish}, url = {https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/article/viewFile/274/177https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/issue/view/64}, author = {Treasurer, J.W and Mills, D.H} } @article {172, title = {Survival and weight changes of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) translocated from the Hebrides to Mainland Scotland}, journal = {Lutra}, volume = {49}, year = {2006}, pages = {89{\textendash}102}, abstract = {

Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are being killed on the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in an attempt to improve the breeding success of ground nesting birds. Translocation of hedgehogs was considered as an option, but dismissed on welfare grounds. The principal concern was that translocated animals would starve. The present study set out to test this hypothesis. Twenty hedgehogs from the Uists were released on the Scottish mainland at Eglinton Country Park, Irvine and radio tracked for a month to ascertain whether or not the animals were going to starve in their new environment. Seven of the twenty radio tracked hedgehogs showed significant weight gains, five maintained their weight, and three lost weight. Two of the hedgehogs that lost weight died during the study. There were three early deaths from predation and drowning, one from a pre-existing tumour. If these deaths and the individual that vanished on the first night are removed from the analysis the results indicate an 80{\%} survival rate one month after translocation. If all early deaths by predation and drowning are attributed to the unfamiliarity of the translocated hedgehogs with the terrain, the survival rate is 67{\%} one month after translocation. The data also indicate that there is an advantage for females to weigh at least 550 g on release. Although conclusions should be drawn with care due to the limited sample size, study period and research approach our study suggests that concerns over the welfare of translocated hedgehogs are not well-founded, thus questioning the principal objection to such an undertaking.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, url = {http://www.urchin.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/urchin/2012/04/Lutra_49_2_Warwick_et_al.pdf}, author = {Warwick, Hugh and Pat Morris and Walker, Douglas} } @article {159, title = {Field Mice (Apodemus) from the Outer Hebrides, Scotland}, journal = {J. Mammalology}, volume = {21}, year = {1940}, pages = {347{\textendash}351}, keywords = {Mammals, Mice}, author = {Warwick, T} } @article {160, title = {Notes on the mammals of Barra, Mingulay and Berneray, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {(1938)}, year = {1938}, pages = {57{\textendash}59}, keywords = {Barra, Berneray, Mammals, Mingulay, Outer Hebrides}, author = {Warwick, T} } @article {Waters2011, title = {Niche differentiation of a cryptic bumblebee complex in the Western Isles of Scotland}, journal = {Insect Conserv. Divers.}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, year = {2011}, pages = {46{\textendash}52}, abstract = {

1. It has recently become apparent that there is cryptic diversity in bumblebees, notably in the Bombus lucorum complex which appears to contain three distinct taxa (B. lucorum, B. magnus, and B. cryptarum). We know almost nothing about how these species differ in their ecology or distribution. 2. Here, we use RFLP markers to identify workers of the B. lucorum complex from the west of Scotland, and we map the distributions, forage use and habitat associations of the three taxa. 3. In western Scotland, B. cryptarum was found to be the most abundant of the three related taxa, but all three occurred in almost all sample sites. In combination with similar work from Ireland, we are able to conclude that: B. cryptarum is a poly- lectic species associated with uplands and cool climates; B. lucorum appears to be a lowland bee particularly associated with urban areas and islands close to the main- land in Scotland, and feeding largely on Erica cinerea and Apiaceae; B. magnus appears to be a heathland bee strongly associated with feeding on Calluna vulgaris. 4. Our study demonstrates that a combination of molecular and ecological approaches can reveal aspects of the ecology of cryptic species.

}, keywords = {Biogeography, Bombus lucorum, Bumblebees, Coexistence, Forage use, Hymenoptera, RFLP}, isbn = {1752-458X}, issn = {1752458X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00101.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00101.x}, author = {Waters, Joe and Darvill, Ben and Lye, Gillian C. and Goulson, Dave} } @article {2, title = {Present knowledge of the non-marine invertebrate fauna of the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh}, volume = {79B}, year = {1981}, pages = {215{\textendash}321}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Invertebrates

}, keywords = {Invertebrate fauna, Invertebrates}, author = {Waterston, A R} } @article {Waterston2011a, title = {The inland waters of the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, pages = {329-351}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The Outer Hebrides comprise approximately 1\·3\% of the land area but 15\·8\% of the area of standing waters of Great Britain. Streams there are generally small and only three are as large as fifth order. The majority of the lochs occur below 200 m altitude and are less than 25 ha in area. A total of 1375 stream systems enter the sea, and drain the land mass through 9240 stream segments. There are just over 6000 lochs, of which less than half are connected to these networks. Most of the water systems are on geologically base-poor rock or soil, and less than 3\%, situated on machair, are base-rich and eutrophic. The islands, due to their situation, receive precipitation in the form of very dilute sea water (with some non-marine sulphate probably derived from fossil fuel combustion) and this leads to unusual concentrations of chloride in the inland waters. Metamorphic rocks are resistant to weathering, so there is usually little variation in the composition of fresh waters except in the machair areas, where calcareous sands affect calcium concentrations and alkalinities.

The flora and fauna reflect the aqueous conditions and there are some unique successions of species from high to low salinities even in the same water body. The lochs provide a wide range of habitats for aquatic vegetation, ranging from the rich machair lochs to the oligotrophic peaty lochs (which show marked similarities with their counterparts on the mainland). Three broad categories can be delineated on the basis of their water quality and vegetation: brackish lochs with varying degrees of marine influence, calcareous machair lochs which may also be affected by sea connections, and the peaty lochans of low alkalinity. A few brackish water animals are sufficiently euryhaline to exist in the machair lochs, which are otherwise dominated by freshwater species. The occurrence of chloride in inland waters enables some crustaceans, e.g. Neomysis integer, Gammarus duebeni and Diaptomus wierzejskii to extend into what are poor freshwater habitats. The main constituents of the freshwater fauna are molluscs and arthropods, and a few species of euryhaline fishes, i.e. salmon, sea and brown trout, three-spined and ten-spined sticklebacks and eels. There are some populations of non-migratory charr. No amphibians are present.

}, keywords = {Invertebrates, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012781 }, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8378833\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0269727000012781}, author = {Waterston, A.R and Holden, A.V. and Campbell, R.N and Maitland, P.S.} } @article {Waterston2011, title = {The macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South Uist}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {353{\textendash}376}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South UistThree main types of Hebridean freshwater lochs occur in the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve; eutrophic calcareous machair lochs near the Atlantic coast, mesotrophic lochs on the edge of the moor and oligotrophic lochs on the peatlands. Chloride/calcium concentrations, highest in lochs near the sea, fall away rapidly inland and are lowest in the moor lochs. The fauna of eutrophic and mesotrophic lochs includes a few euryhaline brackish-water species Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, Diaptomus wierzejskii, Neomysis integer and Gammarus duebeni. G. duebeni alone penetrates the oligotrophic lochs. Freshwater sponges are widespread but are absent from the machair lochs and there are no triclad planarians. The fauna of fast and slow stream segments is described. Loch Bee, a man-made lagoon, unlike the open brackish lochs of North Uist, is an unstable habitat and its fauna has changed considerably since it was investigated in 1933. The fauna consists mainly of brackish-water species and a few stenohaline marine species which are confined to its seaward ends. The sequence of faunistic change in the Howmore estuary, Lochs Roag and Fada, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), is described; the brackish-water fauna is reduced by the volume of fresh water passing through the system. A brief account is given of the unusual dominance of Hyalinella punctata and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Loch Ardvule (SSSI), South Uist.

}, keywords = {Invertebrates, Loch Druidibeg, Uist}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012793}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8378836\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0269727000012793}, author = {Waterston, AR and Lyster, IHJ} } @article {Welch2011, title = {Survey of the invertebrate fauna of sand dune and machair sites in the Outer Hebrides during 1976}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {395{\textendash}404}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

During June and July 1976 the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology carried out a limited invertebrate survey on 18 sites in the Outer Hebrides.

Portable battery-operated UV light traps were installed at each site and left to operate for eight nights. Bad weather in June greatly reduced the numbers of Lepidoptera caught. During July moths were trapped at 16 of the sites. Details of the combined catches are given. Pitfall traps were also installed at all sites and all beetles, spiders, harvestmen, snails, millipedes, centipedes and woodlice have been identified. In addition a list of species of littoral Coleoptera recorded from 24 Hebridean localities is given.

This survey was part of a much wider project around the coasts of Scotland, commissioned by the Nature Conservancy Council, to whom a full report will be submitted when identification and analysis of the results has been completed.

}, keywords = {Arachnids, Coleoptera, Dunes, Invertebrates, Lepidoptera, Machair, molluscs, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012811}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8378842\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0269727000012811}, author = {Welch, R. C.} } @article {113, title = {A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles}, journal = {J. Fish Biol.}, volume = {41(suppl.A}, year = {1991}, pages = {1{\textendash}37}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Wheeler, A} } @article {101, title = {FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings}, journal = {FAO Fish. Synop.}, volume = {125}, year = {1985}, pages = {1{\textendash}303}, abstract = {

This is the seventh in the FAO series of worldwide illustrated catalogues (synopses) of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries. The present catalogue includes all clupeoid fishes (suborder CLUPEOIDEI - herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings), comprising 4 families, 80 genera and over 300 species, contributing to more than a quarter of the world fish catch. Keys are given to the families, subfamilies and genera, with a glossary of technical terms and measurements, and a review of major literature sources within each FAO fishing area. Genera and species are diagnosed, with drawings, scientific and vernacular names, information on habitat, biology, fisheries, and distribution (with map); reference is also made to subspecies and to any taxonomic or other problems. The occurrence of the species within the FAO fishing areas is tabulated. All scientific names applied to clupeoid species are given in the synonymies, and these as well as the vernacular names are indexed; there is also a complete bibliography of al1 literature cited.

}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Whitehead, P J P} } @article {Whitehead2014, title = {The Coleoptera of the Scottish Outer Hebridean machair {\textendash} success , failure, life, death and evolution in an exposed terrestrial environment}, journal = {Entomol. Gazetta}, volume = {65}, year = {2014}, pages = {37{\textendash}61}, keywords = {Coleoptera, ecology, mortality, Outer Hebrides, variation}, author = {Whitehead, Paul F} } @article {Wright2009, title = {Beginners Guide: Silphidae (Part 2)}, journal = {Beetle News}, volume = {1:3}, number = {October}, year = {2009}, pages = {5{\textendash}9}, keywords = {Coleoptera, Identification, Silphidae}, author = {Wright, Richard} } @article {170, title = {Long-term population changes among breeding shorebirds in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in relation to introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)}, journal = {Biol. Conserv.}, volume = {17}, year = {2004}, pages = {151{\textendash}166}, abstract = {

In 1974, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were introduced to the island of South Uist, which forms part of an area holding one of the largest concentrations of breeding shorebirds in Western Europe. By the 1990s these mammals had spread widely and become major predators of shorebird eggs. Breeding shorebirds were surveyed in 1983, when hedgehogs were confined to a small part of South Uist. They were surveyed again in 2000 by when hedgehogs had occupied all of the southern part (South Uist and Benbecula) of the 250 km2 of lowland shorebird nesting habitat for at least 10 years but had not yet colonised large parts of North Uist and adjacent small islands. Between surveys the overall numbers of shorebirds in the hedgehog-free northern zone increased by 9{\%} but in the southern zone, where hedgehogs were present, numbers decreased by 39{\%}. Population changes differed among species, but for all species the population in the hedgehog-free northern zone outperformed that in the southern zone. The most marked differences occurred in northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and common redshank (Tringa totanus), which both showed large declines in the southern zone and moderate to large increases in the northern zone. The north\–south differences in population change could not be explained in terms of habitat change and were probably largely driven by hedgehog predation.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, author = {Jackson, D B and Fuller, R J and Campbell, S T} } @article {169, title = {The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland}, journal = {Biol. Conserv.}, volume = {93}, year = {2000}, pages = {333-348}, abstract = {

Populations of waders (Charadrii) on machair habitats on the island of South Uist were counted and wader nests were monitored to determine nest success and causes of failure. There were large declines in wader numbers and nest success following the spread of the introduced hedgehog throughout the island. Predation of wader eggs by hedgehogs was frequent, but susceptibility varied among wader species, being between 0 and 60{\%} of the nests started. Wader species that were susceptible to hedgehog predation tended to suffer larger population declines than those that were less susceptible, with the exception that the ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) population declined markedly even though their nests were depredated by hedgehogs infrequently. A combined analysis of mark-resighting and radio-tracking data produced an average hedgehog population density estimate of 57 adults km\−2. It was estimated that wader eggs only provided 0.7\–5.5 \% of the energy requirements of hedgehogs, even during the season when most eggs were taken. From this it is argued that the abundance of hedgehogs and the intensity of their predation on wader eggs are unlikely to diminish in response to wader population declines. Unless some presently unidentified density-dependent mechanism compensates for low nest success, local extinctions of susceptible wader species are likely if no action is taken to reduce hedgehog predation. This appears to be the first documented case of hedgehogs threatening an internationally important bird population with regional extinction.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, author = {Jackson, D B and Green, R E} } @article {Jones2005, title = {Identification British land flatworms}, journal = {Br. Wildl.}, number = {1}, year = {2005}, pages = {189-194}, keywords = {Flat worms, Identification}, author = {Jones, Hugh D} } @article {158, title = {The fish fauna of the inland waters of the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Hebrid. Nat.}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {36{\textendash}45}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Maitland, P} } @article {McCullough2002, title = {A provisional checklist of the hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the islands of North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula, Eriskay and Berneray in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Dipterists Dig. (2nd Ser.)}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, year = {2002}, pages = {95{\textendash}102}, keywords = {Berneray, Diptera, Eriskay, Hoverflies, Uist}, author = {McCullough, Angus and Wakeham-Dawson, Andrew and Parker, M J} } @article {Ritchie2011, title = {Machair development and chronology in the Uists and adjacent islands}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {107{\textendash}122}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Several types of machair landforms are found in the Uists (Outer Hebrides) but the most distinctive are low altitude plains. Morphological and stratigraphical evidence suggests that both erosional and depositional processes, operating over a long period of time, have produced these sand plains and other landforms. A vast but relatively finite (partly shell-derived) sand supply was swept landwards across the gentle offshore rock platform assisted by a rising sea level to provide the initial pre-machair coastal accumulation. Phases of development can be dated using archaeological evidence, and 14C dating of offshore peat suggests that initiation probably took place before 5700 BP. Although the evidence is fragmentary, machair development appears to have consisted of long periods of stability, interrupted by episodes of major environmental disturbances. There is also evidence of coastal erosion and associated physiographic changes

}, keywords = {Machair, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012677}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012677}, author = {Ritchie, W.} } @article {174, title = {Removal of American mink (Neovison vison) from the Uists, Outer Hebrides, Scotland}, journal = {Biol. Invasions}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, pages = {2811{\textendash}2820}, abstract = {

Since escaping from fur farms in the 1950s, American mink had colonised the 2800 km2 archipelago of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Between November 2001 and June 2006 the species was removed from a total of 850 km2 of the southernmost islands, collectively named the Uists, as part of a pilot study exploring the feasibility of large scale eradication throughout the archipelago. Animals were also controlled in neighbouring South Harris (255 km2) to reduce the risk of recolonisation. The project used two main methods, the operation of coastal and riparian cage traps; and trapping at breeding dens located using trained dogs. In the Uists this resulted in 100,824 trap nights over 4 years. Den searches were carried out over 500 handler-days. Overall a total of 228 mink was caught in The Uists, with the last capture in March 2005. After this date, despite a further 7 months of intensive trapping and searching effort, no further signs of mink were found and they were considered likely to have been removed from this region. In the buffer area of South Harris, 41,674 trap nights over 4 years resulted in 240 captures with few animals being caught by the end of the project. This effort greatly reduced the risk of recolonisation from this region, although there was still a possibility of extant isolated populations remaining within the region, particularly on offshore islets, which would then be detected and trapped by a follow up programme. An adaptive management process resulted in significant increases in trapping efficiency. Improvements included optimisation of trap spacing and the frequency and duration of trap-line operation; improvements in the cage designs and use of lures. The protocols developed here were used in the subsequent eradication campaign in the remainder of the Outer Hebrides.

}, keywords = {American Mink, Mammals}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10530-015-0927-y}, author = {Roy, S S and Chauvenet, A L M and Robertson, P A} } @article {Davies1987, title = {The Distribution in Scotland and Ireland of Calliphora uralensis and Its Occurrence with and Separation from C. vicina (Insecta: Diptera)}, journal = {Irish Nat. J.}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, year = {1987}, pages = {241{\textendash}244}, keywords = {Blowflies, Diptera}, author = {Davies, Lewis} } @article {Elton2009, title = {Metazoan Parasites from Mice in the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {01}, year = {1934}, pages = {107}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

A preliminary survey of parasites from Apodemus hebridensis, Mus musculus and Epimys norvegicus on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, is described; also the fauna of House Mouse nests. Special discussion is given of the flea fauna, and it is shown that there is much overlapping in host relations. The original flea fauna of Apodemus on the outer islands of the British Isles is indicated.

}, keywords = {Fleas, Outer Hebrides, Parasites, Terrestrial Mammals}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000023362}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0031182000023362}, author = {Elton, Charles} } @article {Fraser2011, title = {The Distribution of Medusae in the Scottish Area}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol.}, volume = {74}, year = {1974}, month = {dec}, pages = {1{\textendash}25}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The distribution of about 80 species of medusae from the Scottish and neighbouring areas over the periods 1935\–1939 and 1946\–1968 is given. A method of charting has been adopted to give an average picture over the 28-year period so as to reduce as far as possible the effects of variations in annual and seasonal sampling intensity. When the occurrence of a species has, in any one year, been particularly different from the average this has been noted in the text and it is hoped that the average picture given here can be used as a basis for comparison in future years.

}, keywords = {Marine Invertebrates, Medusae}, issn = {0080-455X}, doi = {10.1017/S0080455X00012285}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0080455X00012285}, author = {Fraser, J. H.} } @article {George2011, title = {The polychaetes of Lewis and Harris with notes on other marine invertebrates}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {189{\textendash}216}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

In July 1976 six rocky littoral sites and eight rocky sublittoral sites in Lewis and Harris were sampled for polychaetes. The sites ranged from those on the exposed west and north coast to more sheltered east coast sites.

A total of 107 species were recorded during the survey and are presented in an annotated species list. Syllidae are the dominant family both in number of species and number of individuals present, although the Serpulidae, Spionidae and Sabellidae are also well represented. Similarity of habitats sampled at different sites makes it possible to relate differences in species composition to the conditions prevailing at these localities. Such comparisons are made for four habitats\—Corallina officinalis, sediment under stones on the shore, Laminaria holdfasts and the upper shell valves of Pecten. Twenty polychaete species were found in the C. officinalis habitat, 24 species in sediment under stones on the shore, 61 species in laminarian holdfasts and 22 species on the upper shell valves of Pecten.

In general the sublittoral macroinvertebrate fauna, although lacking the Lusitanian elements found in the warmer waters of south-west England and Ireland, was found to have a high species diversity and to exist in an environment virtually free from man-made pollution.

}, keywords = {Harris, Lewis, Marine Invertebrates, Polychaetes}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012720}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012720}, author = {George, J. D.} } @article {161, title = {The mountain hare in the scottish islands}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {67}, year = {1955}, pages = {53{\textendash}54}, keywords = {Mammals, Mountain hare}, author = {Hewson, R} } @article {Hora2009, title = {Notes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {03}, year = {1934}, month = {apr}, pages = {361}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Sixteen species of mites belonging to nine different families were found on Mus musculus and Apodemus hebridensis and in the nests of the former. Of these, eleven species may be regarded as parasitic in habit, two species have previously been recorded in association with rodents and moles, and three species may be described as accidental visitors.

}, keywords = {Invertebrates, Lewis, Mites}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000023696}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0031182000023696}, author = {Hora, A. M.} } @article {171, title = {The breeding biology of introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) on a Scottish Island: lessons for population control and bird conservation}, journal = {J. Zool.}, volume = {268}, year = {2006}, pages = {303{\textendash}314}, abstract = {

The breeding biology of a recently (1974) introduced hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus population was studied on a large Scottish island. These hedgehogs have caused serious declines in internationally important ground-nesting shorebirds, and population control is now being attempted. Sexual behaviour commenced in late April, a few days after the main emergence from hibernation. It peaked in mid- May and again in late June/early July, and ceased by mid-August. Females were promiscuous and were estimated to have sexual encounters (although not necessarily matings) with at least five males during the main mating period. Twothirds of females attempted to breed for the first time in their second calendar year (i.e. as sub-adults), and the rest in their third calendar year (i.e. as adults). At least 96{\%} (n=27) of adult females attempted to breed in the early part of the season (litters born in June). The vast majority (81{\%

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, author = {Jackson, D B} } @article {Angus2011, title = {The macrofauna of intertidal sand in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, month = {dec}, pages = {155{\textendash}171}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The abundance and composition of the macrofauna of Outer Hebridean beaches is determined mainly by the degree of exposure to wave action. Most of the beaches are on the western seaboard, many without any form of shelter, and thus receive the full force of the Atlantic swell.

Twenty principal sites in Lewis and Harris were sampled for intertidal macrofauna.

Beaches of open aspect are populated by amphipods and Eurydice pulchra with very low densities of polychaetes. The sands of the Minch coast and some of the western beaches which are sheltered by islands or headlands usually have a Tellina\–Nephtys association, with a tendency for Tellina tenuis to be replaced by Donax vittatus with increasing shelter. Very sheltered inlets and the fords of the Uists have a well-developed Cerastoderma-Macoma association, while Traigh Mhor in Barra, dominated by Cerastoderma edule, has the richest fauna of any beach in the Outer Hebrides.

}, keywords = {Marine Invertebrates, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012707}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012707}, author = {Stewart Angus} } @article {162, title = {Rattus rattus confirmed in the Shiant Isles, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {109}, year = {1997}, pages = {33{\textendash}38}, keywords = {Mammals, Shiant Isles}, author = {Stewart Angus and Hopkins, P} } @article {Bailey2011, title = {The fish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, month = {dec}, pages = {479{\textendash}494}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The demersal fishery in Hebridean seas is based mainly on haddock, whiting and cod, mostly from local spawning grounds, with some recruitment from the North Sea. An important seasonal fishery for dogfish is based on a highly migratory stock. All these stocks are probably fully exploited.

Herring spawning grounds occur west and north of Lewis, and larvae drift eastwards to nursery areas, mainly in the North Sea. Enhanced recruitment in the late 1960s and an increase in fishing effort produced a large increase in landings but these have subsequently declined. The west coast herring fishery is subject to quota regulations for conservation. There are also important exploitable stocks of mackerel and sprats. Since 1971 an industrial fishery for Norway pout has taken a few thousand tonnes per annum.

Shellfishing by small boats goes with crofting. Since 1962 the number of larger boats has increased with full-time fishing, particularly for Norway lobsters and lobsters. Exploitation has been helped by processing and lobster-holding facilities. Scallops and periwinkles are also important commercially and there are good prospects for cultivating oysters and mussels.

By far the largest underexploited fish stock is blue whiting, which migrates south to spawn in March-April on the continental slope in depths of over 400 m to the west of Scotland. The spawning stock in this area is estimated to be 5-15 million tonnes. Sandeels may also occur in commercial quantities in some areas.

}, keywords = {Fish, Marine Molluscs, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012860}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012860}, author = {Bailey, R. S. and Hislop, J. R. G. and Mason, J.} } @article {Berry2011, title = {The Outer Hebrides: where genes and geography meet}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1977}, month = {dec}, pages = {21{\textendash}43}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The Outer Hebridean fauna is almost entirely the result of the chance characteristics of opportunist colonizers modified by subsequent adaptation and sometimes later immigrants. A few primitive relicts may persist (e.g. possibly, the moth Nyssia zonarid), but the fauna is certainly not largely composed of early post-glacial invaders. These, traditional theory argues, are likely to have been eliminated on the mainland by later arrivals but to have been able to persist on the islands by the timely breaking of hypothetical land-bridges.

The influence of the original island colonizers is discernible through the persistence of similar traits in both ancestral and descendant populations despite massive genetical differences produced by stochastic sampling, and often by an apparently random pattern of differentiation between islands (e.g. field mice, cats, men, wrens). Adaptation is difficult to detect in the presence of unmeasurable founder effects, but is shown by large-scale clines (such as bridling in guillemots or colour phase frequencies in arctic skuas), by the existence of similar local races in different species (notably by melanism in Lepidoptera, especially Triphaena comes; but also possibly in bumble-bees and dragonflies), and by evidence of local selection (e.g. Cochlicella acuta).

In the light of these many pressures, simple equilibrium theories of island biogeography are woefully inadequate; every species has to be considered on its merits. This can be done for terrestrial vertebrates, and virtually all but the Pygmy Shrew prove to have been introduced by man.

}, keywords = {Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012616}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012616}, author = {Berry, R. J.} } @article {Boyd2011, title = {The natural environment of the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, month = {dec}, pages = {3{\textendash}19}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The historical review of scientific work done in the Outer Hebrides precedes a scientific profile of the archipelago including geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and resource outlines. Effects of the use of natural resources by man on the natural environment are discussed. Management of land and water for the purposes of nature conservation are given by descriptions of the Loch Druidibeg and Monach Islands National Nature Reserves and other Sites of Special Scientific Interest. These exemplify existing case studies and procedures in nature conservation conducted by the Nature Conservancy Council and others. In conclusion, the Outer Hebrides are set in the context of the National Planning Guidelines of the Scottish Development Department which show resources of \‘national\’ importance in agriculture and nature conservation.

}, keywords = {Outer Hebrides}, isbn = {doi:10.1017/S0269727000012604}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012604}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012604}, author = {Boyd, John Morton} } @article {Bratton2012, title = {Miscellaneous invertebrates recorded from the Outer Hebrides , 2010}, journal = {Glas. Nat.}, volume = {25}, number = {online}, year = {2012}, pages = {5{\textendash}6}, keywords = {Invertebrates, North Uist}, author = {Bratton, John H} } @article {157, title = {Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Hebrid. Nat.}, volume = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {8{\textendash}15}, author = {Campbell, R N} } @article {Campbell2011, title = {The fishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {377{\textendash}393}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Only euryhaline fishes were able to recolonize Outer Hebridean fresh waters after the last glaciation so that inland waters now contain only six indigenous, truly freshwater species; salmon, trout, charr, three- and ten-spined stickleback and the freshwater eel. Parts of some lochs are invaded by the sea at stages in the tidal cycle and some 20 species of marine fish may be found at times in inland waters. Both salmon and sea trout occur in all the larger freshwater systems and sea trout are also found in many of the minor ones. The original sea trout gave rise to sedentary brown trout populations similar to those of the mainland. Fluctuations in the Hebridean salmon catch suggest that the stock is affected by the same factors as those affecting Scottish west coast stocks generally: the vast-majority return to fresh water as grilse, while sea trout stocks have been declining over the last 25 years. Brown trout and eels are almost ubiquitous. Charr occur in Lewis and parts of North Uist but have not been reported from Harris or South Uist and are now only present as sedentary forms. The three-spined stickleback is more widely distributed than the ten-spined. Outer Hebridean lochs in general have special scientific value because, unlike many Scottish mainland lochs, they have not been affected by the introduction of alien species and some are still in an unexploited state.

}, keywords = {Fish, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S026972700001280X}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S026972700001280X}, author = {Campbell, R. N. and Williamson, R. B.} }