00509nas a2200109 4500008004100000245017300041210006900214300001000283490000600293100001600299856008400315 2002 eng d00aAdvances in the understanding of the Platycheirus scutans (Meigen) complex in Britain, including the addition of Platycheirus aurolateralis sp. n. (Diptera: Syrphidae).0 aAdvances in the understanding of the Platycheirus scutans Meigen a75-800 v91 aStubbs, A.E uhttp://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/DD%202002%20Vol%209%20No%201.pdf00508nas a2200109 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154300001200223490000700235100001900242856013700261 1998 eng d00aPlatycheirus splendens sp.n. from Britain formerly confused with Platycheirus scutatus (Diptera: Syrphidae).0 aPlatycheirus splendens spn from Britain formerly confused with P a271-2760 v491 aRotherhay, G.E uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/platycheirus-splendens-spn-britain-formerly-confused-platycheirus-scutatus-diptera-syrphidae01011nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001000202490000600212520052500218100002800743700001500771700001700786856006200803 1990 eng d00aSur quelques especes de Platycheirus (Diptera, Syrphidae) nouvelles ou meconnues. 0 aSur quelques especes de Platycheirus Diptera Syrphidae nouvelles a19-440 v53 a

The males and females of three new European species of Platycheirus closely related to P. clypeatus (MEIGEN, 1822), are described: P.  europaeus n.sp., P.  occultus n.sp. and P. ramsarensis n.sp. In addition, P. angustipes GOELDLIN DE TIEFENAU, 1974 is redescribed and lectotypes are designated for P. angustatus and P. clypeatus. Features of the physical environment characteristic of the habitat of some of these species are considered.

1 aGoeldlin de Tiefenau, P1 aMaibach, A1 aSpeight, MCD uhttp://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/df_1_5.pdf00909nas a2200121 4500008004100000245016600041210006900207300000900276520039500285100001700680700002800697856006200725 1990 eng d00aKeys to distinguish Platycheirus angustipes, P. europaeus, P. occultus and P. ramsarensis (Dipt., Syrphidae) from other clypeatus group species known in Europe0 aKeys to distinguish Platycheirus angustipes P europaeus P occult a5-183 a

The clypeatus group of species in the genus Platycheirus is defined. Separate keys are presented for distinguishing the males and females of the 12 European clypeatus group species. All available information, including distribution records, is summarised for P.anguslipes, P. europaeus, P. occultus and P. ramsarensis.

1 aSpeight, MCD1 aGoeldlin de Tiefenau, P uhttp://www.dipteristsforum.org.uk/documents/DD/df_1_5.pdf00516nas a2200169 4500008004100000245005900041210005100100300001000151490000600161653001200167653001300179653001400192100001600206700001700222700001900239856008800258 1977 eng d00aThe status of Melanostoma dubium (Diptera, Syrphidae).0 astatus of Melanostoma dubium Diptera Syrphidae a79-870 v310aDiptera10ahoverfly10aSyrphidae1 aMacGowan, I1 aGilbert, F.S1 aRotherhay, G.E uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/status-melanostoma-dubium-diptera-syrphidae00416nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005300041210005300094300001000147490000700157100001600164700001600180700001500196856007100211 2008 eng d00aAdditions to the list of Myriapoda from St Kilda0 aAdditions to the list of Myriapoda from St Kilda a92-930 v251 aHancock, EG1 aRobinson, J1 aCorbet, GB uhttp://www.glasgownaturalhistory.org.uk/gn25_1/hancock_stkilda.pdf00888nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011100041210007000152300001600222490000700238520042500245100001100670856008500681 1979 eng d00aRevision of the European species of the genus Hadrodactylus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Part 1 0 aRevision of the European species of the genus Hadrodactylus Förs a303 – 3130 v103 a

My revision of European Hadrndactylus Förster is continued by a key to the 21 species known to me. Descriptions of H. spiraculator n.sp. and H. graminicola n.sp. are given. Nine species are illustrated: H. tiphae (Geoffr.), H. flavifrontator (Thunb.), H. spiraculator n.sp. H. graminicola n.sp., H. faciator (Thunb.), H. vulneratus (Zett.), H. gracilis (Steph.), H. semirufus (Hlgr.) and H. rectinervis Rn.

1 aIda, M uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/187631279x0019600280nas a2200109 4500008004100000245001600041210001600057300001200073490000700085100002000092856005800112 1936 eng d00aHymenoptera0 aHymenoptera a283-2840 v221 aWaterston, A, R uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/hymenoptera-003193nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001000196490000700206520267600213100001402889700001302903700001402916856011702930 2009 eng d00aRecent research on the northern Colletes mining bee Colletes floralis Eversmann0 aRecent research on the northern Colletes mining bee Colletes flo a43-490 v253 a

The northern Colletes mining bee is a UK Biodiversity Action  Plan  (UKBAP)  priority  species  listed  as Rare.
Since  2001,  nesting  aggregations  of  this  species  have been monitored annually on the RSPB Reef reserve on the  Isle  of  Tiree  in  the  Inner  Hebrides.  Eight  nest ing aggregations  were  found  on  the  reserve  in  2001-2002, one was lost to natural causes in 2004 whilst three new aggregations  were  discovered  in  2005-6  bringing  the total  of  active  aggregations  to  ten  in  2007  and  2008.
Seven of the nesting aggregations were associated with man-made  features. This  highlights  the  ability  of  the species   to   nest   at   new   locations   as   they   become suitable  and  suggests  a  possible  management  tool  for enticing bees to nest in areas currently lacking suitable nest-sites.  Management  in  the  form  of  winter  cattle grazing  has  maintained  a  stable  population  on  the reserve.   
Since  2000,  surveys  for  northern  Colleteshave  been  undertaken  by  staff  and  researchers  from RSPB   and   Hymettus   Ltd   (formerly   the   Aculeate Conservation  Group)  in  areas  with  historical  records and   of   other   potentially   suitable   herb-rich   coastal habitat. These have revealed the continued presence of the   bee   at   two   sites   in   N.   Ireland:   Ballymaclary/Portstewart    Strand/Umbra    and    White    Park    Bay/Bushfoot Strand, one in England: Duddon Estuary, and six  in  Scotland:  Berneray  to  Vatersay  in  the  Outer Hebrides, Tiree/ Coll, Islay, Colonsay / Oronsay, Irvine in   Ayrshire   and   Machrihanish   in   Kintyre.  
Optimal habitat management for the bee is being encouraged in all these areas

1 aBowler, J1 aSears, J1 aHunter, J uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/recent-research-northern-colletes-mining-bee-colletes-floralis-eversmann00520nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001200210490000600222653001300228653001300241100001400254856011800268 1990 eng d00aBritish Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) a key to the adults of the genera occurring in Britain0 aBritish Sawflies Hymenoptera Symphyta a key to the adults of the a531-5930 v710asawflies10aSymphyta1 aWright, A uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/british-sawflies-hymenoptera-symphyta-key-adults-genera-occurring-britain00511nas a2200097 4500008004100000245018600041210006900227490000700296100001400303856009600317 1996 eng d00aObservations on the ova and larvae of Netelia vinulae (N. cephalotes Holmgren) (lchneumonidae: Tryphoninae), a gregarious ectoparasitoid of the Puss moth caterpillar, Cerura vinula 0 aObservations on the ova and larvae of Netelia vinulae N cephalot0 v571 aHewett, E uhttp://www.amentsoc.org/publications/bulletin/articles/observations-of-netelia-vinulae.html00477nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006100041210005900102300001200161490000700173653001200180653001500192653001500207100001400222856009500236 1994 eng d00aSome leaf-mining Diptera from North Uist, Outer Hebrides0 aSome leafmining Diptera from North Uist Outer Hebrides a385-3870 v2210aDiptera10aLeaf Mines10aNorth Uist1 aBland, KP uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/some-leaf-mining-diptera-north-uist-outer-hebrides02295nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169300001200238490000800250520169400258653001101952100001501963700001901978700001201997700001502009856010102024 2010 eng d00aCrofting and bumblebee conservation: The impact of land management practices on bumblebee populations in northwest Scotland0 aCrofting and bumblebee conservation The impact of land managemen a492-5000 v1433 a

The northwest of Scotland is a stronghold for two of the UK’s rarest bumblebee species, Bombus distinguendus and Bombus muscorum.

The predominant form of agricultural land management in this region is crofting, a system specific to Scotland in which small agricultural units (crofts) operate rotational crop- ping and grazing regimes. Crofting is considered to be beneficial to a wide range of flora and fauna. How- ever, currently there is a lack of quantitative evidence to support this view with regard to bumblebee populations. In this study we assessed the effect of land management on the abundance of foraging bum blebees and the availability of bumblebee forage plants across crofts in northwest Scotland. The results of our study show that current crofting practices do not support high densities of foraging bumblebees. Tra ditional crofting practice was to move livestock to uplands in the summer, but this has been largely aban doned. Summer sheep grazing of lowland pasture had a strong negative impact on bumblebee abundance and forage plant availability throughout the survey period. The use of specific ‘bird and bee’ conservation seed mixes appears to improve forage availability within the crofted landscape, although the number of bees observed remained low. Of the forage plants available, the three most frequently visited species were from the Fabaceae. We therefore conclude that the creation of agri-environment schemes which promote the use of Fabaceae-rich seed mixes and encourage the removal of sheep grazing on lowland areas throughout the summer are essential in order to conserve bumblebee populations within crofted areas.

10aBombus1 aRedpath, N1 aOsgathorpe, LM1 aPark, K1 aGoulson, D uhttps://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=redpath-et-al-2009-biol-cons.pdf&site=41101220nas a2200229 4500008004100000245006300041210006100104300001400165490000700179520056100186653001100747653001800758653001000776653001300786653001400799653001100813653002000824653001300844653001900857100001600876856009800892 1979 eng d00aMollusca of rocky shores: Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides0 aMollusca of rocky shores Lewis and Harris Outer Hebrides a173–1870 v773 a

The history of previous molluscan work in the Outer Hebrides shows that most work has been done offshore, and that the littoral zone of Lewis and Harris has been neglected. Mollusc populations of different macro- and micro-habitats were examined empirically, and compared and contrasted with each other. Habitats have been chosen to exhibit as wide a variety of environment as possible, from the wave-lashed exposed rocks facing the Atlantic to the very sheltered sea lochs opening into the Minch. The richness and diversity of the fauna is noted.

10aHarris10aInvertebrates10aLewis10alittoral10aLoch Roag10aMarine10aMarine Molluscs10amolluscs10aOuter Hebrides1 aSmith, S, M uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/mollusca-rocky-shores-lewis-and-harris-outer-hebrides00504nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210004400109260003100153300001400184490000700198653001900205653001000224100002000234700001600254856006400270 2011 eng d a0269-727000aThe Grey seal ‘problem’ in the Outer Hebrides0 aGrey seal problem in the Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Press a495–5030 v7710aMarine Mammals10aSeals1 aSummers, C., F.1 aHarwood, J. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S026972700001287201507nas a2200133 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173490000600242520095000248653000901198100001901207700001501226856013201241 1993 eng d00aAn Annotated Bibliography of Research on Coarse and Salmonid Fish (Excluding Salmon and Trout) found in Fresh Water in Scotland0 aAnnotated Bibliography of Research on Coarse and Salmonid Fish E0 v33 a

Non-salmonid "coarse" fish are widespread and abundant in Scotland (e.g. Maitland {&} Campbell 1992) but little scientific research has been done on them, compared with the extensive work on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and populations of brown and sea trout (Salmo trutta). Nevertheless, coarse fishes interact with salmonids and there is growing concern that unwanted introductions, such as ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in Loch Lomond (see below), are threatening the native fish fauna of Scotland. Some major points about the ecological role of coarse fish in Scotland were made by J.W.T. in a brief article published in Freshwater Forum, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 20-25, (Coarse fish in Scotland: a threat or a resource?). Here we provide a more extensive annotated bibliography to a full list of species occurring in Scotland, to highlight what is known about them and to indicate potential areas for further research.

10aFish1 aTreasurer, J.W1 aMills, D.H uhttps://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/article/viewFile/274/177https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/issue/view/6402218nas a2200169 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001300229490000700242520162600249653001401875653001201889100001801901700001601919700002001935856009301955 2006 eng d00aSurvival and weight changes of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) translocated from the Hebrides to Mainland Scotland0 aSurvival and weight changes of hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus tra a89–1020 v493 a

Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are being killed on the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in an attempt to improve the breeding success of ground nesting birds. Translocation of hedgehogs was considered as an option, but dismissed on welfare grounds. The principal concern was that translocated animals would starve. The present study set out to test this hypothesis. Twenty hedgehogs from the Uists were released on the Scottish mainland at Eglinton Country Park, Irvine and radio tracked for a month to ascertain whether or not the animals were going to starve in their new environment. Seven of the twenty radio tracked hedgehogs showed significant weight gains, five maintained their weight, and three lost weight. Two of the hedgehogs that lost weight died during the study. There were three early deaths from predation and drowning, one from a pre-existing tumour. If these deaths and the individual that vanished on the first night are removed from the analysis the results indicate an 80{%} survival rate one month after translocation. If all early deaths by predation and drowning are attributed to the unfamiliarity of the translocated hedgehogs with the terrain, the survival rate is 67{%} one month after translocation. The data also indicate that there is an advantage for females to weigh at least 550 g on release. Although conclusions should be drawn with care due to the limited sample size, study period and research approach our study suggests that concerns over the welfare of translocated hedgehogs are not well-founded, thus questioning the principal objection to such an undertaking.

10aHedgehogs10aMammals1 aWarwick, Hugh1 aMorris, Pat1 aWalker, Douglas uhttp://www.urchin.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/urchin/2012/04/Lutra_49_2_Warwick_et_al.pdf00439nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006000041210005700101300001400158490000700172653001200179653000900191100001500200856009000215 1940 eng d00aField Mice (Apodemus) from the Outer Hebrides, Scotland0 aField Mice Apodemus from the Outer Hebrides Scotland a347–3510 v2110aMammals10aMice1 aWarwick, T uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/field-mice-apodemus-outer-hebrides-scotland-000561nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007300041210006900114300001200183490001100195653001000206653001300216653001200229653001300241653001900254100001500273856010300288 1938 eng d00aNotes on the mammals of Barra, Mingulay and Berneray, Outer Hebrides0 aNotes on the mammals of Barra Mingulay and Berneray Outer Hebrid a57–590 v(1938)10aBarra10aBerneray10aMammals10aMingulay10aOuter Hebrides1 aWarwick, T uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/notes-mammals-barra-mingulay-and-berneray-outer-hebrides-001964nas a2200265 4500008004100000020001400041022001300055245009000068210006900158300001200227490000600239520121600245653001701461653001901478653001501497653001601512653001501528653001601543653000901559100001601568700001701584700002101601700001801622856005801640 2011 eng d a1752-458X a1752458X00aNiche differentiation of a cryptic bumblebee complex in the Western Isles of Scotland0 aNiche differentiation of a cryptic bumblebee complex in the West a46–520 v43 a

1. It has recently become apparent that there is cryptic diversity in bumblebees, notably in the Bombus lucorum complex which appears to contain three distinct taxa (B. lucorum, B. magnus, and B. cryptarum). We know almost nothing about how these species differ in their ecology or distribution. 2. Here, we use RFLP markers to identify workers of the B. lucorum complex from the west of Scotland, and we map the distributions, forage use and habitat associations of the three taxa. 3. In western Scotland, B. cryptarum was found to be the most abundant of the three related taxa, but all three occurred in almost all sample sites. In combination with similar work from Ireland, we are able to conclude that: B. cryptarum is a poly- lectic species associated with uplands and cool climates; B. lucorum appears to be a lowland bee particularly associated with urban areas and islands close to the main- land in Scotland, and feeding largely on Erica cinerea and Apiaceae; B. magnus appears to be a heathland bee strongly associated with feeding on Calluna vulgaris. 4. Our study demonstrates that a combination of molecular and ecological approaches can reveal aspects of the ecology of cryptic species.

10aBiogeography10aBombus lucorum10aBumblebees10aCoexistence10aForage use10aHymenoptera10aRFLP1 aWaters, Joe1 aDarvill, Ben1 aLye, Gillian, C.1 aGoulson, Dave uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00101.x00556nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122300001400191490000800205520002700213653002300240653001800263100002000281856010900301 1981 eng d00aPresent knowledge of the non-marine invertebrate fauna of the Outer Hebrides0 aPresent knowledge of the nonmarine invertebrate fauna of the Out a215–3210 v79B3 a

Invertebrates

10aInvertebrate fauna10aInvertebrates1 aWaterston, A, R uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/present-knowledge-non-marine-invertebrate-fauna-outer-hebrides-002981nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245004400055210004000099260003100139300001200170490000700182520235000189653001802539653001902557100001902576700001702595700001802612700001902630856012602649 1979 eng d a0269-727000aThe inland waters of the Outer Hebrides0 ainland waters of the Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Press a329-3510 v773 a

The Outer Hebrides comprise approximately 1·3% of the land area but 15·8% of the area of standing waters of Great Britain. Streams there are generally small and only three are as large as fifth order. The majority of the lochs occur below 200 m altitude and are less than 25 ha in area. A total of 1375 stream systems enter the sea, and drain the land mass through 9240 stream segments. There are just over 6000 lochs, of which less than half are connected to these networks. Most of the water systems are on geologically base-poor rock or soil, and less than 3%, situated on machair, are base-rich and eutrophic. The islands, due to their situation, receive precipitation in the form of very dilute sea water (with some non-marine sulphate probably derived from fossil fuel combustion) and this leads to unusual concentrations of chloride in the inland waters. Metamorphic rocks are resistant to weathering, so there is usually little variation in the composition of fresh waters except in the machair areas, where calcareous sands affect calcium concentrations and alkalinities.

The flora and fauna reflect the aqueous conditions and there are some unique successions of species from high to low salinities even in the same water body. The lochs provide a wide range of habitats for aquatic vegetation, ranging from the rich machair lochs to the oligotrophic peaty lochs (which show marked similarities with their counterparts on the mainland). Three broad categories can be delineated on the basis of their water quality and vegetation: brackish lochs with varying degrees of marine influence, calcareous machair lochs which may also be affected by sea connections, and the peaty lochans of low alkalinity. A few brackish water animals are sufficiently euryhaline to exist in the machair lochs, which are otherwise dominated by freshwater species. The occurrence of chloride in inland waters enables some crustaceans, e.g. Neomysis integer, Gammarus duebeni and Diaptomus wierzejskii to extend into what are poor freshwater habitats. The main constituents of the freshwater fauna are molluscs and arthropods, and a few species of euryhaline fishes, i.e. salmon, sea and brown trout, three-spined and ten-spined sticklebacks and eels. There are some populations of non-migratory charr. No amphibians are present.

10aInvertebrates10aOuter Hebrides1 aWaterston, A.R1 aHolden, A.V.1 aCampbell, R.N1 aMaitland, P.S. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8378833&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S026972700001278102275nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260003600252300001400288490000700302520156600309653001801875653001901893653000901912100001801921700001601939856012601955 2011 eng d a0269-727000aThe macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South Uist0 amacrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg Na bCambridge University Presscdec a353–3760 v773 a

The macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South UistThree main types of Hebridean freshwater lochs occur in the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve; eutrophic calcareous machair lochs near the Atlantic coast, mesotrophic lochs on the edge of the moor and oligotrophic lochs on the peatlands. Chloride/calcium concentrations, highest in lochs near the sea, fall away rapidly inland and are lowest in the moor lochs. The fauna of eutrophic and mesotrophic lochs includes a few euryhaline brackish-water species Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, Diaptomus wierzejskii, Neomysis integer and Gammarus duebeni. G. duebeni alone penetrates the oligotrophic lochs. Freshwater sponges are widespread but are absent from the machair lochs and there are no triclad planarians. The fauna of fast and slow stream segments is described. Loch Bee, a man-made lagoon, unlike the open brackish lochs of North Uist, is an unstable habitat and its fauna has changed considerably since it was investigated in 1933. The fauna consists mainly of brackish-water species and a few stenohaline marine species which are confined to its seaward ends. The sequence of faunistic change in the Howmore estuary, Lochs Roag and Fada, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), is described; the brackish-water fauna is reduced by the volume of fresh water passing through the system. A brief account is given of the unusual dominance of Hyalinella punctata and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Loch Ardvule (SSSI), South Uist.

10aInvertebrates10aLoch Druidibeg10aUist1 aWaterston, AR1 aLyster, IHJ uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8378836&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S026972700001279301711nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260003600226300001400262490000700276520092500283653001401208653001501222653001001237653001801247653001601265653001201281653001301293653001901306100001801325856012601343 2011 eng d a0269-727000aSurvey of the invertebrate fauna of sand dune and machair sites in the Outer Hebrides during 19760 aSurvey of the invertebrate fauna of sand dune and machair sites  bCambridge University Presscdec a395–4040 v773 a

During June and July 1976 the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology carried out a limited invertebrate survey on 18 sites in the Outer Hebrides.

Portable battery-operated UV light traps were installed at each site and left to operate for eight nights. Bad weather in June greatly reduced the numbers of Lepidoptera caught. During July moths were trapped at 16 of the sites. Details of the combined catches are given. Pitfall traps were also installed at all sites and all beetles, spiders, harvestmen, snails, millipedes, centipedes and woodlice have been identified. In addition a list of species of littoral Coleoptera recorded from 24 Hebridean localities is given.

This survey was part of a much wider project around the coasts of Scotland, commissioned by the Nature Conservancy Council, to whom a full report will be submitted when identification and analysis of the results has been completed.

10aArachnids10aColeoptera10aDunes10aInvertebrates10aLepidoptera10aMachair10amolluscs10aOuter Hebrides1 aWelch, R., C. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8378842&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S026972700001281100459nas a2200121 4500008004100000245007700041210006900118300001100187490001500198653000900213100001500222856010000237 1991 eng d00aA list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles0 alist of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British a1–370 v41(suppl.A10aFish1 aWheeler, A uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/list-common-and-scientific-names-fishes-british-isles-001737nas a2200133 4500008004100000245020800041210006900249300001200318490000800330520110300338653000901441100002201450856013101472 1985 eng d00aFAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings0 aFAO Species Catalogue Vol 7 Clupeoid fishes of the world suborde a1–3030 v1253 a

This is the seventh in the FAO series of worldwide illustrated catalogues (synopses) of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries. The present catalogue includes all clupeoid fishes (suborder CLUPEOIDEI - herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings), comprising 4 families, 80 genera and over 300 species, contributing to more than a quarter of the world fish catch. Keys are given to the families, subfamilies and genera, with a glossary of technical terms and measurements, and a review of major literature sources within each FAO fishing area. Genera and species are diagnosed, with drawings, scientific and vernacular names, information on habitat, biology, fisheries, and distribution (with map); reference is also made to subspecies and to any taxonomic or other problems. The occurrence of the species within the FAO fishing areas is tabulated. All scientific names applied to clupeoid species are given in the synonymies, and these as well as the vernacular names are indexed; there is also a complete bibliography of al1 literature cited.

10aFish1 aWhitehead, P, J P uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/fao-species-catalogue-vol-7-clupeoid-fishes-world-suborder-clupeioidei-annotated-and-000681nas a2200169 4500008004100000245014600041210006900187300001200256490000700268653001500275653001200290653001400302653001900316653001400335100002300349856013900372 2014 eng d00aThe Coleoptera of the Scottish Outer Hebridean machair – success , failure, life, death and evolution in an exposed terrestrial environment0 aColeoptera of the Scottish Outer Hebridean machair success failu a37–610 v6510aColeoptera10aecology10amortality10aOuter Hebrides10avariation1 aWhitehead, Paul, F uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/coleoptera-scottish-outer-hebridean-machair-%E2%80%93-success-failure-life-death-and-evolution00427nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004000041210003700081300001000118490000800128653001500136653001900151653001400170100002000184856007700204 2009 eng d00aBeginners Guide: Silphidae (Part 2)0 aBeginners Guide Silphidae Part 2 a5–90 v1:310aColeoptera10aIdentification10aSilphidae1 aWright, Richard uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/beginners-guide-silphidae-part-202064nas a2200169 4500008004100000245015000041210006900191300001400260490000700274520139900281653001401680653001201694100001801706700001701724700001901741856013401760 2004 eng d00aLong-term population changes among breeding shorebirds in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in relation to introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)0 aLongterm population changes among breeding shorebirds in the Out a151–1660 v173 a

In 1974, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were introduced to the island of South Uist, which forms part of an area holding one of the largest concentrations of breeding shorebirds in Western Europe. By the 1990s these mammals had spread widely and become major predators of shorebird eggs. Breeding shorebirds were surveyed in 1983, when hedgehogs were confined to a small part of South Uist. They were surveyed again in 2000 by when hedgehogs had occupied all of the southern part (South Uist and Benbecula) of the 250 km2 of lowland shorebird nesting habitat for at least 10 years but had not yet colonised large parts of North Uist and adjacent small islands. Between surveys the overall numbers of shorebirds in the hedgehog-free northern zone increased by 9{%} but in the southern zone, where hedgehogs were present, numbers decreased by 39{%}. Population changes differed among species, but for all species the population in the hedgehog-free northern zone outperformed that in the southern zone. The most marked differences occurred in northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and common redshank (Tringa totanus), which both showed large declines in the southern zone and moderate to large increases in the northern zone. The north–south differences in population change could not be explained in terms of habitat change and were probably largely driven by hedgehog predation.

10aHedgehogs10aMammals1 aJackson, D, B1 aFuller, R, J1 aCampbell, S, T uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/long-term-population-changes-among-breeding-shorebirds-outer-hebrides-scotland-relation-002221nas a2200157 4500008004100000245015100041210006900192300001200261490000700273520158700280653001401867653001201881100001801893700001601911856013601927 2000 eng d00aThe importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland0 aimportance of the introduced hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus as a p a333-3480 v933 a

Populations of waders (Charadrii) on machair habitats on the island of South Uist were counted and wader nests were monitored to determine nest success and causes of failure. There were large declines in wader numbers and nest success following the spread of the introduced hedgehog throughout the island. Predation of wader eggs by hedgehogs was frequent, but susceptibility varied among wader species, being between 0 and 60{%} of the nests started. Wader species that were susceptible to hedgehog predation tended to suffer larger population declines than those that were less susceptible, with the exception that the ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) population declined markedly even though their nests were depredated by hedgehogs infrequently. A combined analysis of mark-resighting and radio-tracking data produced an average hedgehog population density estimate of 57 adults km−2. It was estimated that wader eggs only provided 0.7–5.5 % of the energy requirements of hedgehogs, even during the season when most eggs were taken. From this it is argued that the abundance of hedgehogs and the intensity of their predation on wader eggs are unlikely to diminish in response to wader population declines. Unless some presently unidentified density-dependent mechanism compensates for low nest success, local extinctions of susceptible wader species are likely if no action is taken to reduce hedgehog predation. This appears to be the first documented case of hedgehogs threatening an internationally important bird population with regional extinction.

10aHedgehogs10aMammals1 aJackson, D, B1 aGreen, R, E uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/importance-introduced-hedgehog-erinaceus-europaeus-predator-eggs-waders-charadrii-machair-000394nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004200041210004200083300001200125653001500137653001900152100001900171856008200190 2005 eng d00aIdentification British land flatworms0 aIdentification British land flatworms a189-19410aFlat worms10aIdentification1 aJones, Hugh, D uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/identification-british-land-flatworms00412nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006200041210005800103300001200161490000600173653000900179100001600188856008600204 1980 eng d00aThe fish fauna of the inland waters of the Outer Hebrides0 afish fauna of the inland waters of the Outer Hebrides a36–450 v410aFish1 aMaitland, P uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/fish-fauna-inland-waters-outer-hebrides-000748nas a2200193 4500008004100000245016300041210006900204300001300273490000600286653001300292653001200305653001200317653001500329653000900344100002200353700002700375700001700402856013500419 2002 eng d00aA provisional checklist of the hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of the islands of North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula, Eriskay and Berneray in the Outer Hebrides0 aprovisional checklist of the hoverflies Diptera Syrphidae of the a95–1020 v910aBerneray10aDiptera10aEriskay10aHoverflies10aUist1 aMcCullough, Angus1 aWakeham-Dawson, Andrew1 aParker, M, J uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/provisional-checklist-hoverflies-diptera-syrphidae-islands-north-uist-south-uist-benbecula01487nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245007300055210006900128260003600197300001400233490000700247520095500254653001201209653001901221100001601240856006101256 2011 eng d a0269-727000aMachair development and chronology in the Uists and adjacent islands0 aMachair development and chronology in the Uists and adjacent isl bCambridge University Presscdec a107–1220 v773 a

Several types of machair landforms are found in the Uists (Outer Hebrides) but the most distinctive are low altitude plains. Morphological and stratigraphical evidence suggests that both erosional and depositional processes, operating over a long period of time, have produced these sand plains and other landforms. A vast but relatively finite (partly shell-derived) sand supply was swept landwards across the gentle offshore rock platform assisted by a rising sea level to provide the initial pre-machair coastal accumulation. Phases of development can be dated using archaeological evidence, and 14C dating of offshore peat suggests that initiation probably took place before 5700 BP. Although the evidence is fragmentary, machair development appears to have consisted of long periods of stability, interrupted by episodes of major environmental disturbances. There is also evidence of coastal erosion and associated physiographic changes

10aMachair10aOuter Hebrides1 aRitchie, W. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001267702372nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001600197490000700213520183100220653001802051653001202069100001402081700002202095700002002117856006502137 2015 eng d00aRemoval of American mink (Neovison vison) from the Uists, Outer Hebrides, Scotland0 aRemoval of American mink Neovison vison from the Uists Outer Heb a2811–28200 v173 a

Since escaping from fur farms in the 1950s, American mink had colonised the 2800 km2 archipelago of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Between November 2001 and June 2006 the species was removed from a total of 850 km2 of the southernmost islands, collectively named the Uists, as part of a pilot study exploring the feasibility of large scale eradication throughout the archipelago. Animals were also controlled in neighbouring South Harris (255 km2) to reduce the risk of recolonisation. The project used two main methods, the operation of coastal and riparian cage traps; and trapping at breeding dens located using trained dogs. In the Uists this resulted in 100,824 trap nights over 4 years. Den searches were carried out over 500 handler-days. Overall a total of 228 mink was caught in The Uists, with the last capture in March 2005. After this date, despite a further 7 months of intensive trapping and searching effort, no further signs of mink were found and they were considered likely to have been removed from this region. In the buffer area of South Harris, 41,674 trap nights over 4 years resulted in 240 captures with few animals being caught by the end of the project. This effort greatly reduced the risk of recolonisation from this region, although there was still a possibility of extant isolated populations remaining within the region, particularly on offshore islets, which would then be detected and trapped by a follow up programme. An adaptive management process resulted in significant increases in trapping efficiency. Improvements included optimisation of trap spacing and the frequency and duration of trap-line operation; improvements in the cage designs and use of lures. The protocols developed here were used in the subsequent eradication campaign in the remainder of the Outer Hebrides.

10aAmerican Mink10aMammals1 aRoy, S, S1 aChauvenet, A, L M1 aRobertson, P, A uhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10530-015-0927-y00586nas a2200133 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183300001400252490000700266653001400273653001200287100001800299856013500317 1987 eng d00aThe Distribution in Scotland and Ireland of Calliphora uralensis and Its Occurrence with and Separation from C. vicina (Insecta: Diptera)0 aDistribution in Scotland and Ireland of Calliphora uralensis and a241–2440 v2210aBlowflies10aDiptera1 aDavies, Lewis uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/distribution-scotland-and-ireland-calliphora-uralensis-and-its-occurrence-and-separation-c00984nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245007000055210006900125260003100194300000800225490000700233520040300240653001000643653001900653653001400672653002400686100001900710856006100729 1934 eng d a0031-182000aMetazoan Parasites from Mice in the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides0 aMetazoan Parasites from Mice in the Isle of Lewis Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Press a1070 v263 a

A preliminary survey of parasites from Apodemus hebridensis, Mus musculus and Epimys norvegicus on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, is described; also the fauna of House Mouse nests. Special discussion is given of the flea fauna, and it is shown that there is much overlapping in host relations. The original flea fauna of Apodemus on the outer islands of the British Isles is indicated.

10aFleas10aOuter Hebrides10aParasites10aTerrestrial Mammals1 aElton, Charles uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S003118200002336201095nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245005300055210004900108260003600157300001100193490000700204520059700211653002500808653001200833100001900845856006100864 1974 eng d a0080-455X00aThe Distribution of Medusae in the Scottish Area0 aDistribution of Medusae in the Scottish Area bCambridge University Presscdec a1–250 v743 a

The distribution of about 80 species of medusae from the Scottish and neighbouring areas over the periods 1935–1939 and 1946–1968 is given. A method of charting has been adopted to give an average picture over the 28-year period so as to reduce as far as possible the effects of variations in annual and seasonal sampling intensity. When the occurrence of a species has, in any one year, been particularly different from the average this has been noted in the text and it is hoped that the average picture given here can be used as a basis for comparison in future years.

10aMarine Invertebrates10aMedusae1 aFraser, J., H. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0080455X0001228501927nas a2200193 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260003600205300001400241490000700255520132900262653001101591653001001602653002501612653001601637100001901653856006101672 2011 eng d a0269-727000aThe polychaetes of Lewis and Harris with notes on other marine invertebrates0 apolychaetes of Lewis and Harris with notes on other marine inver bCambridge University Presscdec a189–2160 v773 a

In July 1976 six rocky littoral sites and eight rocky sublittoral sites in Lewis and Harris were sampled for polychaetes. The sites ranged from those on the exposed west and north coast to more sheltered east coast sites.

A total of 107 species were recorded during the survey and are presented in an annotated species list. Syllidae are the dominant family both in number of species and number of individuals present, although the Serpulidae, Spionidae and Sabellidae are also well represented. Similarity of habitats sampled at different sites makes it possible to relate differences in species composition to the conditions prevailing at these localities. Such comparisons are made for four habitats—Corallina officinalis, sediment under stones on the shore, Laminaria holdfasts and the upper shell valves of Pecten. Twenty polychaete species were found in the C. officinalis habitat, 24 species in sediment under stones on the shore, 61 species in laminarian holdfasts and 22 species on the upper shell valves of Pecten.

In general the sublittoral macroinvertebrate fauna, although lacking the Lusitanian elements found in the warmer waters of south-west England and Ireland, was found to have a high species diversity and to exist in an environment virtually free from man-made pollution.

10aHarris10aLewis10aMarine Invertebrates10aPolychaetes1 aGeorge, J., D. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001272000403nas a2200133 4500008004100000245004600041210004200087300001200129490000700141653001200148653001800160100001400178856007700192 1955 eng d00aThe mountain hare in the scottish islands0 amountain hare in the scottish islands a53–540 v6710aMammals10aMountain hare1 aHewson, R uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/mountain-hare-scottish-islands-000902nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245006800055210006700123260003600190300000800226490000700234520036300241653001800604653001000622653001000632100001700642856006100659 1934 eng d a0031-182000aNotes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides0 aNotes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Presscapr a3610 v263 a

Sixteen species of mites belonging to nine different families were found on Mus musculus and Apodemus hebridensis and in the nests of the former. Of these, eleven species may be regarded as parasitic in habit, two species have previously been recorded in association with rodents and moles, and three species may be described as accidental visitors.

10aInvertebrates10aLewis10aMites1 aHora, A., M. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S003118200002369601548nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014600041210006900187300001400256490000800270520094300278653001401221653001201235100001801247856013701265 2006 eng d00aThe breeding biology of introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) on a Scottish Island: lessons for population control and bird conservation0 abreeding biology of introduced hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus on  a303–3140 v2683 a

The breeding biology of a recently (1974) introduced hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus population was studied on a large Scottish island. These hedgehogs have caused serious declines in internationally important ground-nesting shorebirds, and population control is now being attempted. Sexual behaviour commenced in late April, a few days after the main emergence from hibernation. It peaked in mid- May and again in late June/early July, and ceased by mid-August. Females were promiscuous and were estimated to have sexual encounters (although not necessarily matings) with at least five males during the main mating period. Twothirds of females attempted to breed for the first time in their second calendar year (i.e. as sub-adults), and the rest in their third calendar year (i.e. as adults). At least 96{%} (n=27) of adult females attempted to breed in the early part of the season (litters born in June). The vast majority (81{%

10aHedgehogs10aMammals1 aJackson, D, B uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/breeding-biology-introduced-hedgehogs-erinaceus-europaeus-scottish-island-lessons-populati-001492nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245006000055210005600115260003600171300001400207490000700221520097000228653002501198653001901223100001901242856006101261 1979 eng d a0269-727000aThe macrofauna of intertidal sand in the Outer Hebrides0 amacrofauna of intertidal sand in the Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Presscdec a155–1710 v773 a

The abundance and composition of the macrofauna of Outer Hebridean beaches is determined mainly by the degree of exposure to wave action. Most of the beaches are on the western seaboard, many without any form of shelter, and thus receive the full force of the Atlantic swell.

Twenty principal sites in Lewis and Harris were sampled for intertidal macrofauna.

Beaches of open aspect are populated by amphipods and Eurydice pulchra with very low densities of polychaetes. The sands of the Minch coast and some of the western beaches which are sheltered by islands or headlands usually have a Tellina–Nephtys association, with a tendency for Tellina tenuis to be replaced by Donax vittatus with increasing shelter. Very sheltered inlets and the fords of the Uists have a well-developed Cerastoderma-Macoma association, while Traigh Mhor in Barra, dominated by Cerastoderma edule, has the richest fauna of any beach in the Outer Hebrides.

10aMarine Invertebrates10aOuter Hebrides1 aAngus, Stewart uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001270700495nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006400041210006300105300001200168490000800180653001200188653001700200100001900217700001500236856009800251 1997 eng d00aRattus rattus confirmed in the Shiant Isles, Outer Hebrides0 aRattus rattus confirmed in the Shiant Isles Outer Hebrides a33–380 v10910aMammals10aShiant Isles1 aAngus, Stewart1 aHopkins, P uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/rattus-rattus-confirmed-shiant-isles-outer-hebrides-002155nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260003600200300001400236490000700250520152800257653000901785653002001794653001901814100001901833700002201852700001401874856006101888 1979 eng d a0269-727000aThe fish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebrides0 afish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebri bCambridge University Presscdec a479–4940 v773 a

The demersal fishery in Hebridean seas is based mainly on haddock, whiting and cod, mostly from local spawning grounds, with some recruitment from the North Sea. An important seasonal fishery for dogfish is based on a highly migratory stock. All these stocks are probably fully exploited.

Herring spawning grounds occur west and north of Lewis, and larvae drift eastwards to nursery areas, mainly in the North Sea. Enhanced recruitment in the late 1960s and an increase in fishing effort produced a large increase in landings but these have subsequently declined. The west coast herring fishery is subject to quota regulations for conservation. There are also important exploitable stocks of mackerel and sprats. Since 1971 an industrial fishery for Norway pout has taken a few thousand tonnes per annum.

Shellfishing by small boats goes with crofting. Since 1962 the number of larger boats has increased with full-time fishing, particularly for Norway lobsters and lobsters. Exploitation has been helped by processing and lobster-holding facilities. Scallops and periwinkles are also important commercially and there are good prospects for cultivating oysters and mussels.

By far the largest underexploited fish stock is blue whiting, which migrates south to spawn in March-April on the continental slope in depths of over 400 m to the west of Scotland. The spawning stock in this area is estimated to be 5-15 million tonnes. Sandeels may also occur in commercial quantities in some areas.

10aFish10aMarine Molluscs10aOuter Hebrides1 aBailey, R., S.1 aHislop, J., R. G.1 aMason, J. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001286002095nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245005500055210005000110260003600160300001200196490000700208520162400215653001901839100001801858856006101876 1977 eng d a0269-727000aThe Outer Hebrides: where genes and geography meet0 aOuter Hebrides where genes and geography meet bCambridge University Presscdec a21–430 v773 a

The Outer Hebridean fauna is almost entirely the result of the chance characteristics of opportunist colonizers modified by subsequent adaptation and sometimes later immigrants. A few primitive relicts may persist (e.g. possibly, the moth Nyssia zonarid), but the fauna is certainly not largely composed of early post-glacial invaders. These, traditional theory argues, are likely to have been eliminated on the mainland by later arrivals but to have been able to persist on the islands by the timely breaking of hypothetical land-bridges.

The influence of the original island colonizers is discernible through the persistence of similar traits in both ancestral and descendant populations despite massive genetical differences produced by stochastic sampling, and often by an apparently random pattern of differentiation between islands (e.g. field mice, cats, men, wrens). Adaptation is difficult to detect in the presence of unmeasurable founder effects, but is shown by large-scale clines (such as bridling in guillemots or colour phase frequencies in arctic skuas), by the existence of similar local races in different species (notably by melanism in Lepidoptera, especially Triphaena comes; but also possibly in bumble-bees and dragonflies), and by evidence of local selection (e.g. Cochlicella acuta).

In the light of these many pressures, simple equilibrium theories of island biogeography are woefully inadequate; every species has to be considered on its merits. This can be done for terrestrial vertebrates, and virtually all but the Pygmy Shrew prove to have been introduced by man.

10aOuter Hebrides1 aBerry, R., J. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001261601383nas a2200169 4500008004100000020003400041022001400075245005000089210004600139260003600185300001100221490000700232520087100239653001901110100002301129856006101152 1979 eng d adoi:10.1017/S0269727000012604 a0269-727000aThe natural environment of the Outer Hebrides0 anatural environment of the Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Presscdec a3–190 v773 a

The historical review of scientific work done in the Outer Hebrides precedes a scientific profile of the archipelago including geographical, geological, botanical, zoological and resource outlines. Effects of the use of natural resources by man on the natural environment are discussed. Management of land and water for the purposes of nature conservation are given by descriptions of the Loch Druidibeg and Monach Islands National Nature Reserves and other Sites of Special Scientific Interest. These exemplify existing case studies and procedures in nature conservation conducted by the Nature Conservancy Council and others. In conclusion, the Outer Hebrides are set in the context of the National Planning Guidelines of the Scottish Development Department which show resources of ‘national’ importance in agriculture and nature conservation.

10aOuter Hebrides1 aBoyd, John, Morton uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S026972700001260400488nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113300001000182490000700192653001800199653001500217100002100232856010100253 2012 eng d00aMiscellaneous invertebrates recorded from the Outer Hebrides , 20100 aMiscellaneous invertebrates recorded from the Outer Hebrides 201 a5–60 v2510aInvertebrates10aNorth Uist1 aBratton, John, H uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/miscellaneous-invertebrates-recorded-outer-hebrides-201000417nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006700041210006400108300001100172490000600183100001900189856009900208 1979 eng d00aSticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) in the Outer Hebrides0 aSticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus L in the Outer Hebrides a8–150 v31 aCampbell, R, N uhttps://hebfauna.myspecies.info/content/sticklebacks-gasterosteus-aculeatus-l-outer-hebrides-001941nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210005000109260003600159300001400195490000700209520140700216653000901623653001901632100002101651700002301672856006401695 2011 eng d a0269-727000aThe fishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides0 afishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides bCambridge University Presscdec a377–3930 v773 a

Only euryhaline fishes were able to recolonize Outer Hebridean fresh waters after the last glaciation so that inland waters now contain only six indigenous, truly freshwater species; salmon, trout, charr, three- and ten-spined stickleback and the freshwater eel. Parts of some lochs are invaded by the sea at stages in the tidal cycle and some 20 species of marine fish may be found at times in inland waters. Both salmon and sea trout occur in all the larger freshwater systems and sea trout are also found in many of the minor ones. The original sea trout gave rise to sedentary brown trout populations similar to those of the mainland. Fluctuations in the Hebridean salmon catch suggest that the stock is affected by the same factors as those affecting Scottish west coast stocks generally: the vast-majority return to fresh water as grilse, while sea trout stocks have been declining over the last 25 years. Brown trout and eels are almost ubiquitous. Charr occur in Lewis and parts of North Uist but have not been reported from Harris or South Uist and are now only present as sedentary forms. The three-spined stickleback is more widely distributed than the ten-spined. Outer Hebridean lochs in general have special scientific value because, unlike many Scottish mainland lochs, they have not been affected by the introduction of alien species and some are still in an unexploited state.

10aFish10aOuter Hebrides1 aCampbell, R., N.1 aWilliamson, R., B. uhttp://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S026972700001280X