@article {592, title = {Eggcase Identification key}, year = {In Press}, keywords = {Eggcase, Ray, Skate}, url = {http://www.sharktrust.org/shared/great_eggcase_hunt/eggcase_id_key.pdf}, author = {Shark-Trust, The} } @article {592, title = {Eggcase Identification key}, year = {In Press}, keywords = {Eggcase, Ground Sharks}, url = {http://www.sharktrust.org/shared/great_eggcase_hunt/eggcase_id_key.pdf}, author = {Shark-Trust, The} } @inbook {590, title = {Native deer {\textendash} red and roe.}, booktitle = {The Species Action Framework Handbook}, year = {2015}, publisher = {Scottish Natural Heritage}, organization = {Scottish Natural Heritage}, address = {Battleby, Perth}, url = {http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A1794216.pdf}, author = {Findlay, J} } @article {Summers2011, title = {The Grey seal {\textquoteleft}problem{\textquoteright} in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, pages = {495{\textendash}503}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {Marine Mammals, Seals}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012872}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0269727000012872}, author = {Summers, C. F. and Harwood, J.} } @article {179, title = {Distribution, abundance and population structure of bottlenose dolphins in Scottish waters}, number = {354}, year = {2011}, pages = {108pp}, keywords = {Dolphins, Marine Mammals}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/354.pdf}, author = {Thompson, P M and Cheney, B and Ingram, S and Stevick, P and Wilson, B and Hammond, P S} } @article {Treasurer1993, title = {An Annotated Bibliography of Research on Coarse and Salmonid Fish (Excluding Salmon and Trout) found in Fresh Water in Scotland}, journal = {Freshw. Forum. J. Freshw. Biol. Assoc.}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, abstract = {

Non-salmonid \"coarse\" fish are widespread and abundant in Scotland (e.g. Maitland {\&} Campbell 1992) but little scientific research has been done on them, compared with the extensive work on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and populations of brown and sea trout (Salmo trutta). Nevertheless, coarse fishes interact with salmonids and there is growing concern that unwanted introductions, such as ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in Loch Lomond (see below), are threatening the native fish fauna of Scotland. Some major points about the ecological role of coarse fish in Scotland were made by J.W.T. in a brief article published in Freshwater Forum, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 20-25, (Coarse fish in Scotland: a threat or a resource?). Here we provide a more extensive annotated bibliography to a full list of species occurring in Scotland, to highlight what is known about them and to indicate potential areas for further research.

}, keywords = {Fish}, url = {https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/article/viewFile/274/177https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/FF/issue/view/64}, author = {Treasurer, J.W and Mills, D.H} } @article {172, title = {Survival and weight changes of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) translocated from the Hebrides to Mainland Scotland}, journal = {Lutra}, volume = {49}, year = {2006}, pages = {89{\textendash}102}, abstract = {

Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are being killed on the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in an attempt to improve the breeding success of ground nesting birds. Translocation of hedgehogs was considered as an option, but dismissed on welfare grounds. The principal concern was that translocated animals would starve. The present study set out to test this hypothesis. Twenty hedgehogs from the Uists were released on the Scottish mainland at Eglinton Country Park, Irvine and radio tracked for a month to ascertain whether or not the animals were going to starve in their new environment. Seven of the twenty radio tracked hedgehogs showed significant weight gains, five maintained their weight, and three lost weight. Two of the hedgehogs that lost weight died during the study. There were three early deaths from predation and drowning, one from a pre-existing tumour. If these deaths and the individual that vanished on the first night are removed from the analysis the results indicate an 80{\%} survival rate one month after translocation. If all early deaths by predation and drowning are attributed to the unfamiliarity of the translocated hedgehogs with the terrain, the survival rate is 67{\%} one month after translocation. The data also indicate that there is an advantage for females to weigh at least 550 g on release. Although conclusions should be drawn with care due to the limited sample size, study period and research approach our study suggests that concerns over the welfare of translocated hedgehogs are not well-founded, thus questioning the principal objection to such an undertaking.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, url = {http://www.urchin.info/wp/wp-content/uploads/urchin/2012/04/Lutra_49_2_Warwick_et_al.pdf}, author = {Warwick, Hugh and Pat Morris and Walker, Douglas} } @article {159, title = {Field Mice (Apodemus) from the Outer Hebrides, Scotland}, journal = {J. Mammalology}, volume = {21}, year = {1940}, pages = {347{\textendash}351}, keywords = {Mammals, Mice}, author = {Warwick, T} } @article {160, title = {Notes on the mammals of Barra, Mingulay and Berneray, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {(1938)}, year = {1938}, pages = {57{\textendash}59}, keywords = {Barra, Berneray, Mammals, Mingulay, Outer Hebrides}, author = {Warwick, T} } @book {111, title = {The fishes of the British Isles and north-west Europe}, year = {1969}, pages = {613}, publisher = {Macmillan}, organization = {Macmillan}, address = {London}, author = {Wheeler, A} } @article {113, title = {A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles}, journal = {J. Fish Biol.}, volume = {41(suppl.A}, year = {1991}, pages = {1{\textendash}37}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Wheeler, A} } @article {101, title = {FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings}, journal = {FAO Fish. Synop.}, volume = {125}, year = {1985}, pages = {1{\textendash}303}, abstract = {

This is the seventh in the FAO series of worldwide illustrated catalogues (synopses) of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries. The present catalogue includes all clupeoid fishes (suborder CLUPEOIDEI - herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings), comprising 4 families, 80 genera and over 300 species, contributing to more than a quarter of the world fish catch. Keys are given to the families, subfamilies and genera, with a glossary of technical terms and measurements, and a review of major literature sources within each FAO fishing area. Genera and species are diagnosed, with drawings, scientific and vernacular names, information on habitat, biology, fisheries, and distribution (with map); reference is also made to subspecies and to any taxonomic or other problems. The occurrence of the species within the FAO fishing areas is tabulated. All scientific names applied to clupeoid species are given in the synonymies, and these as well as the vernacular names are indexed; there is also a complete bibliography of al1 literature cited.

}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Whitehead, P J P} } @book {112, title = {Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean}, volume = {I,II {\&} III}, year = {1986}, publisher = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)}, organization = {United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)}, address = {Paris}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Whitehead, P J P and Bauchot, M.-L. and Hureau, J.-C.. and Nielson, J and Tortonese, E} } @article {178, title = {Basking shark satellite tagging project: insights into basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus ) movement and distribution using satellite telemetry (Interim report November 2013)}, number = {700}, year = {2013}, pages = {37pp}, keywords = {Basking Sharks, Fish}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/700.pdf}, author = {Witt, M J and Doherty, P D and Godley, B J and Graham, R T and Hawkes, L A and Henderson, S M} } @article {170, title = {Long-term population changes among breeding shorebirds in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, in relation to introduced hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus)}, journal = {Biol. Conserv.}, volume = {17}, year = {2004}, pages = {151{\textendash}166}, abstract = {

In 1974, hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were introduced to the island of South Uist, which forms part of an area holding one of the largest concentrations of breeding shorebirds in Western Europe. By the 1990s these mammals had spread widely and become major predators of shorebird eggs. Breeding shorebirds were surveyed in 1983, when hedgehogs were confined to a small part of South Uist. They were surveyed again in 2000 by when hedgehogs had occupied all of the southern part (South Uist and Benbecula) of the 250 km2 of lowland shorebird nesting habitat for at least 10 years but had not yet colonised large parts of North Uist and adjacent small islands. Between surveys the overall numbers of shorebirds in the hedgehog-free northern zone increased by 9{\%} but in the southern zone, where hedgehogs were present, numbers decreased by 39{\%}. Population changes differed among species, but for all species the population in the hedgehog-free northern zone outperformed that in the southern zone. The most marked differences occurred in northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and common redshank (Tringa totanus), which both showed large declines in the southern zone and moderate to large increases in the northern zone. The north\–south differences in population change could not be explained in terms of habitat change and were probably largely driven by hedgehog predation.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, author = {Jackson, D B and Fuller, R J and Campbell, S T} } @article {169, title = {The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland}, journal = {Biol. Conserv.}, volume = {93}, year = {2000}, pages = {333-348}, abstract = {

Populations of waders (Charadrii) on machair habitats on the island of South Uist were counted and wader nests were monitored to determine nest success and causes of failure. There were large declines in wader numbers and nest success following the spread of the introduced hedgehog throughout the island. Predation of wader eggs by hedgehogs was frequent, but susceptibility varied among wader species, being between 0 and 60{\%} of the nests started. Wader species that were susceptible to hedgehog predation tended to suffer larger population declines than those that were less susceptible, with the exception that the ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula) population declined markedly even though their nests were depredated by hedgehogs infrequently. A combined analysis of mark-resighting and radio-tracking data produced an average hedgehog population density estimate of 57 adults km\−2. It was estimated that wader eggs only provided 0.7\–5.5 \% of the energy requirements of hedgehogs, even during the season when most eggs were taken. From this it is argued that the abundance of hedgehogs and the intensity of their predation on wader eggs are unlikely to diminish in response to wader population declines. Unless some presently unidentified density-dependent mechanism compensates for low nest success, local extinctions of susceptible wader species are likely if no action is taken to reduce hedgehog predation. This appears to be the first documented case of hedgehogs threatening an internationally important bird population with regional extinction.

}, keywords = {Hedgehogs, Mammals}, author = {Jackson, D B and Green, R E} } @book {139, title = {FAO species identification guide. Marine mammals of the world.}, year = {1994}, publisher = {United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, organization = {United Nations Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}, address = {Rome}, abstract = {

This is a worldwide guide for the identification of marine mammals and those cetaceans, seals, and sirenians also found in freshwater. The 119 species include a variety of taxa: baleen whales, toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, sea lions, sirenians, marine otters, and the polar bear. There is an introduction with notes on marine mammal distribution in regard to oceanography and marine mammal identification, a glossary of technical terms, illustrated keys to species, illustrated family keys for skulls, species sheets, and a table of species by major marine fishing areas. Every species sheet includes scientific and official FAO names, diagnostic features, notes on similar species, size, distribution, biology, habitat, behaviour, exploitation, and IUCN (World Conservation Union, formerly International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) status. The work is fully indexed and includes a list of referentes and sources for further reading.

}, keywords = {MarineMammals}, author = {Jefferson, T A and Leatherwood, S and Webber, M A} } @article {173, title = {Analysis and future application of Hebridean Mink Project data}, number = {522}, year = {2014}, keywords = {American Mink, Mammals}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/522.pdf}, author = {Lambin, X and Cornulier, T and Oliver, M K and Fraser, E J} } @booklet {Macleod2009, title = {Hebridean Mink Project}, volume = {2008}, number = {Reprint}, year = {2009}, isbn = {978 1 85397 542 4}, author = {Macleod, Iain} } @article {158, title = {The fish fauna of the inland waters of the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Hebrid. Nat.}, volume = {4}, year = {1980}, pages = {36{\textendash}45}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Maitland, P} } @book {98, title = {Outer Hebrides Bird Report 2008-10}, year = {2011}, pages = {184}, publisher = {Outer Hebrides Birds}, organization = {Outer Hebrides Birds}, address = {South Uist, Outer Hebrides}, author = {Rabbitts, Brian} } @book {140, title = {Atlas of Cetacean Distribution in North-west European Waters}, year = {2003}, pages = {76}, publisher = {Joint Nature Conservation Committee}, organization = {Joint Nature Conservation Committee}, address = {Peterborough}, keywords = {Marine Mammals}, isbn = {1 86107 550 2}, url = {http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/PDF/CetaceansAtlas{\_}web.pdf}, author = {Reid, J B and Evans, P G H and Northridge, S P} } @article {174, title = {Removal of American mink (Neovison vison) from the Uists, Outer Hebrides, Scotland}, journal = {Biol. Invasions}, volume = {17}, year = {2015}, pages = {2811{\textendash}2820}, abstract = {

Since escaping from fur farms in the 1950s, American mink had colonised the 2800 km2 archipelago of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Between November 2001 and June 2006 the species was removed from a total of 850 km2 of the southernmost islands, collectively named the Uists, as part of a pilot study exploring the feasibility of large scale eradication throughout the archipelago. Animals were also controlled in neighbouring South Harris (255 km2) to reduce the risk of recolonisation. The project used two main methods, the operation of coastal and riparian cage traps; and trapping at breeding dens located using trained dogs. In the Uists this resulted in 100,824 trap nights over 4 years. Den searches were carried out over 500 handler-days. Overall a total of 228 mink was caught in The Uists, with the last capture in March 2005. After this date, despite a further 7 months of intensive trapping and searching effort, no further signs of mink were found and they were considered likely to have been removed from this region. In the buffer area of South Harris, 41,674 trap nights over 4 years resulted in 240 captures with few animals being caught by the end of the project. This effort greatly reduced the risk of recolonisation from this region, although there was still a possibility of extant isolated populations remaining within the region, particularly on offshore islets, which would then be detected and trapped by a follow up programme. An adaptive management process resulted in significant increases in trapping efficiency. Improvements included optimisation of trap spacing and the frequency and duration of trap-line operation; improvements in the cage designs and use of lures. The protocols developed here were used in the subsequent eradication campaign in the remainder of the Outer Hebrides.

}, keywords = {American Mink, Mammals}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs10530-015-0927-y}, author = {Roy, S S and Chauvenet, A L M and Robertson, P A} } @article {SeaMammalResearchUnit2001, title = {Breeding and moulting season surveys of common seals (Phoca vitulina) around Scotland}, number = {August 2000}, year = {2001}, pages = {1{\textendash}27}, keywords = {Marine Mammals, marine survey, Scotland., Seal, Seals}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/f00pa41.pdf}, author = {Sea Mammal Research Unit, NERC} } @book {104, title = {Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. Part 8. Order Gasterosteiformes, suborder Syngathoidei, Syngathidae (Doryrhamphinae, Syngnathinae, Hippocampinae)}, year = {1982}, pages = {xi, 198p.}, publisher = {Sears Foundation for Marine Research}, organization = {Sears Foundation for Marine Research}, address = {New Haven}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Dawson, C E and Vari, R P} } @book {110, title = {British Sea Fishes}, year = {2001}, publisher = {Underwater World Publications Ltd.}, organization = {Underwater World Publications Ltd.}, edition = {2nd}, address = {Teddington}, keywords = {Fish}, author = {Dipper, F} } @book {167, title = {The Mink}, year = {1993}, pages = {232}, publisher = {Poyser}, organization = {Poyser}, address = {London}, keywords = {American Mink, Mammals}, isbn = {0856610801}, author = {Dunstone, N} } @article {Elton2009, title = {Metazoan Parasites from Mice in the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {01}, year = {1934}, pages = {107}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

A preliminary survey of parasites from Apodemus hebridensis, Mus musculus and Epimys norvegicus on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, is described; also the fauna of House Mouse nests. Special discussion is given of the flea fauna, and it is shown that there is much overlapping in host relations. The original flea fauna of Apodemus on the outer islands of the British Isles is indicated.

}, keywords = {Fleas, Outer Hebrides, Parasites, Terrestrial Mammals}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000023362}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0031182000023362}, author = {Elton, Charles} } @article {102, title = {FishBase}, year = {2015}, keywords = {Fish}, url = {http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm}, author = {Froese, R and Pauly, D} } @book {165, title = {A Review of British Mammals: Population Estimates and Conservation Status of British Mammals Other than Cetaceans}, year = {1995}, pages = {216}, publisher = {Joint Nature Conservation Committee}, organization = {Joint Nature Conservation Committee}, address = {Peterborough}, abstract = {

This review covers 64 species and one sub species of terrestrial mammal known, or believed, to breed in Britain. It includes those feral species that have persisted as breeding populations for at least fifteen years, but excludes the cetaceans. 2. For each species there is an assessment of the current status, historical and recent changes in numbers, population trends and population threats. For most species these assessments are based on subjective rather than objective criteria because there are few species for which there are long-term population data. 3. For each species except Nathusius\&$\#$39; pipistrelle a pre-breeding population estimate was calculated to provide a base-line against which to measure future changes. Estimates are provided for Great Britain as a whole and separately for England, Scotland and Wales. The results are summarised in Table 14. The minimum aim was to achieve a population estimate with an accuracy to within an order of magnitude, but most are thought to be more accurate. A code is used to identify the level of confidence for each estimate. For ten species the estimate was graded 1 (most reliable), for ten it was graded 2, for 20 it was graded 3, for 19 it was graded 4, and for five the estimate was graded 5. 4. Several problems were highlighted in the course of making these estimates. First, there are very few species for which an estimate of total population size was available; for most, population size was calculated either by estimating their abundance relative to other species and/or by multiplying the amount of suitable habitat by known population density estimates for those habitats. However, even this approach proved problematical for many species, either because density estimates were not available from Britain, or because these estimates were only available for a limited number of habitat types. Furthermore, most population sizes calculated in this way will tend to be over-estimates, because density estimates so derived are invariably based on a limited number of studies in some of the more suitable habitats for that particular species. 5. The review highlights the paucity of population data for many species of mammal, and density data are few or non-existent even for a number of common and/or widespread species such as the hedgehog, house mouse and common rat. Thus, further field studies are needed to improve our knowledge of the distribution and density of most species; only then will it be possible to refine many of the population estimates. 6. Absolute numbers of mammals are perhaps less important than trends in population size and degree of population fragmentation. The known or believed changes in British mammal populations over the last thirty years are summarised: two species have become extinct; eight are known, or believed, to have undergone substantial increases in range and/or numbers; nine have undergone some increase; for 23, population size was believed to have remained approximately stable; nine have undergone small declines in range and/or numbers; and for 14 there have been substantial declines. The species known, or believed, to be increasing in numbers include several already, or potentially, damaging to agriculture or silviculture, such as the rabbit, red deer, sika deer, roe deer and muntjac and several species which are of conservation concern and which previously had been reduced to low levels, e.g. otter and polecat. 7. The population estimates for mammals are compared to those for other vertebrates. Few species of mammal are as rare as the species of bird listed on Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. However, mammals are less mobile, and minimum viable populations are likely to be larger. The commonest species of 3 mammal have population sizes an order of magnitude larger than those of the commonest species of bird; the same relationship applies for the rarest species of mammals and birds. 8. There are a number of population threats faced by British mammals. Of the 65 mammals included in the review, seven are known, or believed, to be threatened by competitors, seven by climate change and/or adverse weather conditions, four by disease, seven by population fragmentation or isolation, 31 by habitat changes, five by inter-breeding, 18 by deliberate killing, 25 by pesticides, pollution or poisoning, four by predation and seven by road deaths. 9. The conservation status and legal protection afforded to all species of mammal in Britain are summarised. See Table 15. 10. The conservation status of each species is discussed from a European perspective. On this basis, most of the species of mammal that are rare in Britain have larger populations in Europe. The insectivores are generally about as common in Britain as in the rest of their European range; other than the Bechstein\&$\#$39;s and barbastelle bats, which are rare throughout Europe, the British populations of bats contribute only a small proportion of the European population; of the lagomorphs, the brown hare and rabbit populations are important in a European context; of the rodents, the grey squirrel and field vole populations constitute a significant proportion of the total European population; of the carnivores and pinnipeds, the otter, badger, common seal and grey seal populations are important in a European context; of the artiodactyls, the red, sika, fallow, muntjac and Chinese water deer populations are important and the populations of Soay sheep and wild goats that are of ancient origin are of particular interest because the populations in Britain are unique and constitute about half the ancient feral caprines in Europe. 11. The monitoring of endangered wild mammal populations is now a statutory responsibility under European Union legislation. This review identifies those species of particular conservation concern from both a British and a European perspective and provides a basis on which to develop a comprehensive monitoring scheme for British mammals.

}, keywords = {Mammals}, author = {Harris, S and Pat Morris and Wray, S and Yalden, D W} } @book {166, title = {Mammals of the British Isles}, year = {2008}, pages = {799}, publisher = {Mammal Society}, organization = {Mammal Society}, edition = {4th edition}, address = {Southampton}, keywords = {Mammals}, author = {Harris, S and Yalden, D W} } @article {161, title = {The mountain hare in the scottish islands}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {67}, year = {1955}, pages = {53{\textendash}54}, keywords = {Mammals, Mountain hare}, author = {Hewson, R} } @book {Hill, title = {Alien amphibian and reptile species in the UK}, year = {2014}, publisher = {ARC Trust}, organization = {ARC Trust}, keywords = {Amphibians, INNS, Reptiles}, url = {http://www.arc-trust.org/Resources/Arc\%20Trust/Documents/ARC_alien_species_booklet_v5_Bilingual_2014.pdf}, author = {Hill, Peter} } @article {Hora2009, title = {Notes on Mites collected from the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {26}, number = {03}, year = {1934}, month = {apr}, pages = {361}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Sixteen species of mites belonging to nine different families were found on Mus musculus and Apodemus hebridensis and in the nests of the former. Of these, eleven species may be regarded as parasitic in habit, two species have previously been recorded in association with rodents and moles, and three species may be described as accidental visitors.

}, keywords = {Invertebrates, Lewis, Mites}, issn = {0031-1820}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182000023696}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0031182000023696}, author = {Hora, A. M.} } @article {162, title = {Rattus rattus confirmed in the Shiant Isles, Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Scottish Nat.}, volume = {109}, year = {1997}, pages = {33{\textendash}38}, keywords = {Mammals, Shiant Isles}, author = {Stewart Angus and Hopkins, P} } @article {Bailey2011, title = {The fish and shellfish resources in seas adjacent to the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {1979}, month = {dec}, pages = {479{\textendash}494}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

The demersal fishery in Hebridean seas is based mainly on haddock, whiting and cod, mostly from local spawning grounds, with some recruitment from the North Sea. An important seasonal fishery for dogfish is based on a highly migratory stock. All these stocks are probably fully exploited.

Herring spawning grounds occur west and north of Lewis, and larvae drift eastwards to nursery areas, mainly in the North Sea. Enhanced recruitment in the late 1960s and an increase in fishing effort produced a large increase in landings but these have subsequently declined. The west coast herring fishery is subject to quota regulations for conservation. There are also important exploitable stocks of mackerel and sprats. Since 1971 an industrial fishery for Norway pout has taken a few thousand tonnes per annum.

Shellfishing by small boats goes with crofting. Since 1962 the number of larger boats has increased with full-time fishing, particularly for Norway lobsters and lobsters. Exploitation has been helped by processing and lobster-holding facilities. Scallops and periwinkles are also important commercially and there are good prospects for cultivating oysters and mussels.

By far the largest underexploited fish stock is blue whiting, which migrates south to spawn in March-April on the continental slope in depths of over 400 m to the west of Scotland. The spawning stock in this area is estimated to be 5-15 million tonnes. Sandeels may also occur in commercial quantities in some areas.

}, keywords = {Fish, Marine Molluscs, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S0269727000012860}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0269727000012860}, author = {Bailey, R. S. and Hislop, J. R. G. and Mason, J.} } @article {164, title = {UK Mammals: Species Status and Population Trends. First Report by the Tracking Mammals Partnership}, year = {2005}, institution = {JNCC/Tracking Mammals Partnership}, address = {Peterborough}, keywords = {Mammals}, isbn = {1 861075 68 5}, url = {http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/pub05_ukmammals_speciesstatusText_final.pdf}, author = {Jessamy Battersby} } @article {CallanDuck2010, title = {Surveys of harbour (common) seals around Scotland August 2008}, number = {361}, year = {2010}, keywords = {Marine Mammals, Seals}, issn = {324 (ROAME No. R07AC707)}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/361.pdf}, author = {Duck, C} } @article {CallanDuck2012, title = {Surveys of harbour (common) and grey seals in the Outer Hebrides and the Moray Firth in August 2011}, number = {518}, year = {2012}, keywords = {Marine Mammals, Seals}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/518.pdf}, author = {Duck, C and Morris, C and Sea Mammal Research Unit, NERC} } @article {157, title = {Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Hebrid. Nat.}, volume = {3}, year = {1979}, pages = {8{\textendash}15}, author = {Campbell, R N} } @article {Campbell2011, title = {The fishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides}, journal = {Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh. Sect. B. Biol. Sci.}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, month = {dec}, pages = {377{\textendash}393}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, abstract = {

Only euryhaline fishes were able to recolonize Outer Hebridean fresh waters after the last glaciation so that inland waters now contain only six indigenous, truly freshwater species; salmon, trout, charr, three- and ten-spined stickleback and the freshwater eel. Parts of some lochs are invaded by the sea at stages in the tidal cycle and some 20 species of marine fish may be found at times in inland waters. Both salmon and sea trout occur in all the larger freshwater systems and sea trout are also found in many of the minor ones. The original sea trout gave rise to sedentary brown trout populations similar to those of the mainland. Fluctuations in the Hebridean salmon catch suggest that the stock is affected by the same factors as those affecting Scottish west coast stocks generally: the vast-majority return to fresh water as grilse, while sea trout stocks have been declining over the last 25 years. Brown trout and eels are almost ubiquitous. Charr occur in Lewis and parts of North Uist but have not been reported from Harris or South Uist and are now only present as sedentary forms. The three-spined stickleback is more widely distributed than the ten-spined. Outer Hebridean lochs in general have special scientific value because, unlike many Scottish mainland lochs, they have not been affected by the introduction of alien species and some are still in an unexploited state.

}, keywords = {Fish, Outer Hebrides}, issn = {0269-7270}, doi = {10.1017/S026972700001280X}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S026972700001280X}, author = {Campbell, R. N. and Williamson, R. B.} } @article {103, title = {FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date}, volume = {125}, year = {1990}, pages = {442pp}, abstract = {

This is the tenth issue in the FAO series of worldwide annotated and illustrated catalogues (synopses) of major groups of organisms that enter marine fisheries. It includes all gadiform fishes (order GADIFORMES - cods, hakes, grenadiers, moras, moray cods, pelagic cods, codlets and eucla cods), comprising 8 families, 59 genera and more than 180 species, which contribute more than a quarter of the world\’s marine fish catch. Keys are given to the families, subfamilies and genera, with a glossary of technical terms and measurements, and a review of major literature sources within each FAO fishing area. Genera and species are diagnosed, with drawings, scientific and vernacular names, information on habitat, biology, fisheries and distribution (with map); reference is also made to subspecies and to any taxonomic or other problems. The occurrence of the species within the FAO fishing areas is tabulated. All scientific names still applied to gadiform species are given in the synonymies, and these as well as the vernacular names are indexed; there is also a complete bibliography of all literature cited.

}, author = {D M Cohen and Inada, T and Iwamoto, T and Scialabba, N} } @article {180, title = {National survey of otter Lutra lutra distribution in Scotland 2003{\textendash}04.}, number = {211}, year = {2007}, pages = {106pp}, url = {http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/Report\%20No211.pdf}, author = {Strachan, R} } @article {164, title = {UK Mammals: Species Status and Population Trends}, year = {2005}, institution = {JNCC/Tracking Mammals Partnership}, author = {Jessamy Battersby} }